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Background and purpose : Many aphahic patients have unfavorable vision either with glasses or contact lens. In this study Visual outcome of Seconary (I.O.L) was implantation in aphakic patients referred to Imam Hossein Haspital 1994 evaluated.
Materials and Methods : In a clinical trial with sequential sampling , 30 aphakic patients (26 males , 4 females mean of age 24.4 ± 10.8 years) who had previous cataract surgery , were selected. The exclusion criteria were : previous lens implant visual acuity less than corneal edama intraocular inflammation or increased pressure vitreous loss or significant iridectomy during cararact surgery macular edema and vitreous opacity. Further evaluations and follow-ups were done blindly by ophthalmology residents from 24 hours after implantation upto 2 months after removal of sutures. The statistical assessment of the results was done by using Mc Memar tesr.
Results : Secondary inmplantation of intraocular lens increased the number of patients with visual acuity of from 6.7% to 30% , which was statistically significant(p<0.02).
Conclusion : By appropriate patient selection , secondary I.O.L. implantation is a good surgical approach in aphakic patients , to give them better binocular vision and to avoid the side effects of glasses and contact lens

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Background and purpose: Mothers’ depression is considered as a risk factor for children’s cognitive and social-emotional development that could lead to behavioral, emotional and cognitive disorders. Sleep behaviors and patterns could be influenced by mothers’ depression. This research aimed at investigating the relationship between mothers’ depression and sleep problems in their 3-6 year old children. Materials and methods: This causal-comparative study was conducted in 3-6-year old preschool children and their mothers in the cities of Urmia and Mahabad. Applying cluster sampling, 465 mothers were selected and completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children. Mothers were divided into six groups based on their BDI scores. One way ANOVA and Pearson correlation test were used for data analysis. Results: The findings indicated a significant positive relationship between different components and total scores for depression and sleep problems (P>0.001). ANOVA analysis showed significant correlation between level of depression and different types of sleep disorders in children. In other words, children of mothers with more levels of depression suffered more sleeping problems (P> 0.001). Conclusion: Mothers’ depression and psychological problems disrupt the children’s normal sleep, thereby causing other problems. So, it is necessary to focus more on controlling depression to avoid its negative influences on the health of family and children.