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Background and purpose: Although Taype 2 diabetes is the most frequent among different types of diabetes, the cause of it is yet to be clarified. Several environmental and genetic factors are said to be involved in diabetes and it has been established that cytokines play key roles in pathogenesis of diabetes. Expression of cytokins is different from person and in defferent societies. Studies showed that polymorphisms of +874 of IFN-γ and -590 of IL-4 regions are related to the expression of these genes. In this study, we aimed to find polymorphisms of these regions in Type 2 diabetes patients.
Material and methods: In this study peripheral blood samples were collected from 51 type 2 diabetes patients and 50 healthy controls. DNA was isolated by salting out method, using ARMS-PCR, RFLP-PCR polymorphisms of = 874 of IFN-γ and -590 of IL-4, were analyzed, respectively.
Results: Our findings showed that TT genotype of IFN- γ was increased in type 2 diabetic patients as comford with control grop but difference was not significant. Our results also have not shown any significant difference between IL-4 genotype in diabetic and healthy controls.
Discussion: Our results suggested that TT genotype of IFN- γ can be related to diabetes. This relation can be sescribed by this known Todgment judyunt thar over expression of IFN- γ shifted immune system to Th1, therefore, pancreas cells were miscarried by immune cells.

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Background and purpose: Based on the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism and different disorders from their coincidence, the present study was designed to determine the correlation between type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism.
Materials and methods: Ïn this case-control study, 103 type 2 diabetic patients were compared with 103 healthy subjects. Âge, gender and family history of thyroid disease were matched between the two groups. For all patients, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (Ânti-TPÔ), FBS, Triglyceride, Çholesterol, HDL and LDL were measured. Descriptive analysis, T-test and X2 were used for data analysis.
Results: Ïn each group, 14 (%13.59) cases were men and 89 (%86.4) cases were women. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in the case group and the control group were %17.5 and %26.2, respectively, which was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Twenty eight percent of hypothyroid patients in diabetic group and 55% in the control group had autoimmune hypothyroidism (P<0.05).
Çonclusion: The results of this study showed that the prevalence of hypothyroidism in type 2 diabetic patients is as high as normal population. Because of the interaction between diabetic mellitus and hypothyroidism, screening of hypothyroidism and suitable treatment in diabetic patients is recommended.

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Background and purpose: HbA1c is one of the best important markers in controlling of diabetic patients. Today, long-term assessment of blood glucose in diabetic patient's takes place by measuring glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) .One of the main causes of death in diabetics is cardiovascular diseases that the increase in blood lipids and atherosclerosis is a major causes of these diseases. The aim of this study was investigated the relationship HbA1C with the Risk factors of blood lipids. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study on the records of 173 patients with type 2 diabetes (female: 132 and male: 41), which were chosen based on non-probability sampling that mean age were 51.8±11.5 years. HbA1C levels and lipid profile were determined respectively by Column chromatography and enzymatic methods. Values of LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, risk factor (TCH / HDL-C) and Atherogenic Index of Plasma or AIP (Log TG / HDL-C) was calculated. Data were analyzed with statistical software SPSSver.16. Results: TG levels were significantly higher in males and HDL-C levels significantly higher in females, but the other variables did not differ between the sexes. HbA1C was showed a significant direct correlation with the TCH, TG, AIP, LDL-C, and the risk ratio. But there is not significant correlation in age, HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that HbA1C levels not only can be used as an indicator of long-term control of blood glucose but also can serve as an early warning of heart complications - cardiovascular disease in diabetics.

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Background and purpose: The E23K polymorphism of ATP-sensitive potassium channel kcnj11 gene leads to the conversion of glutamate to lysine amino acids and this substitution is associated with increased risk of several diseases such as diabetes. We aimed to examine the association between kcnj11 E23K variation and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a Kurdish population. Materials and methods: The study population included 173 patients with T2DM and 173 normoglycemic subjects. All subjects were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Genotypic and allelic frequencies were then analyzed in each group. Serum lipids, fasting glucose, fasting serum insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c levels were also determined. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: Significant differences were seen between the two groups for allelic frequency of the T allele (P=0.006). Also, the genotype frequencies showed a significant difference in CT genotype between the case and control individuals (OR=2.77, 95% CI: 1.29-5.97, P=0.009). Similarly, in the dominant model, the kcnj11 E23K was found to be significantly associated with T2DM (OR=2.72, 95% CI: 1.30-5.68, P=0.008). However, we did not observe any significant association in the recessive model (P>0.05). Conclusion: This study was performed for the first time in the Kurdish ethnic group in Iran. The E23K polymorphism of the kcnj11 was found to be significantly associated with T2DM in the studied population.

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Background and purpose: Psychological issues are of great importance in people with diabetes, so, this study was conducted to determine the association between mental health and sexual function and sexual satisfaction.
Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, the research population included all males with diabetes type 2 in Kermanshah, Iran 2016. A sample of 330 patients was selected. Data was collected using the Larson Sexual Satisfaction questionnaire, Male Sexual Function Index, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), and a demographic questionnaire.
Results: The mean age of patients was 55.42±9.28. The mean scores for sexual satisfaction and sexual function were 61.67±10.17 and 35.65±19.21, respectively. Sexual satisfaction was at a poor level. The results showed a negative relationship between sexual satisfaction and sexual function and depression, anxiety, and stress (P<0.001). Sexual function and satisfaction were different among different ages and educational levels.
Conclusion: According to current results, sexual function and sexual satisfaction are associated with psychological factors.
 
 

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Background and purpose: Metabolic disorders are amongst the major risk factors for health in the world. This study aimed at investigating the effect of eight weeks resistance training and ginger consumption on some antioxidant markers and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Materials and methods: In a double blind clinical trial with semi-experimental design, 44 patients with type 2 diabetes (mean height 169.92±7.20 cm, weight 82.41±6.34 kg, age 53.49±7.01 years, and body composition 28.57%±2.07 m²) were selected using purposive sampling. They were randomly divided into four groups: ginger rhizome, resistance training+ placebo, resistance training+ ginger rhizome, and placebo. The subjects in ginger rhizome group received that 1mg for eight weeks. Other patients attended a progressive resistance protocol with 65 to 80% 1RM for 8 weeks (three times a week). Blood samples were collected from antecubital vein before and 48 hr after the experiment. Superoxide dismutase indicator was measured by ELISA method. Data analysis was done applying independent t-test, repeated measure of ANOVA, and Tukey's Post Hoc Test.
Results: Eight weeks of resistance training and ginger significantly increased superoxide dismutase indicator in all groups except in placebo group (p≥0.05).
Conclusion: According to current findings, long-term consumption of ginger and resistance training could be of great benefit in changing antioxidant index in patients with type 2 diabetes.
 
(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20181205041856N1)
 

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 Background and purpose: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as a progressive metabolic disorder is rising very fast around the world. Diagnosis of T2DM at early stages (prediabetic) is important in reducing the mortality associated with this disease. Several studies have shown that micro-RNAs play a major role in the pathogenesis of the T2DM. Because of the high stability of these regulatory RNA in body fluids and the availability of sensitive technology, such as Real-time PCR for detecting them, they can be used as epigenetic biomarker in the early diagnosis of T2DM. In this study, for the first time, miR - 181 expression levels were investigated in patients with T2DM in Yazd province, Iran.
Materials and methods: In this experimental study, Real-time PCR was used to quantify expression levels of miR-181b in 90 individuals including T2DM patients (n=30), prediabetic (n=30), and healthy individuals (n=30).
Results: There were significant differences in miR-181b expression levels between the groups studied.
Conclusion: Reduced miR-181b expression levels in T2DM and pre-diabetic subjects compared to healthy individuals suggests that miR-181b could be used as a new epigenetic diagnostic marker for early diagnosis of T2DM.

 

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Background and purpose: Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common endocrine diseases. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is higher than other types, accounting for 85-90% of all diabetic cases. The current research aimed at investigating the association between rs4541843 in miR-182 and type 2 diabetes.
Materials and methods: In this case-control study, healthy individuals (n=196) and type 2 diabetic patients (n=199) were randomly selected from a target population in Isfahan, Iran. The genotypes for the polymorphism were determined by PCR-RFLP method and the results were confirmed by sequencing. Then, the frequency of the genotypes and alleles were analyzed to determine the association between rs4541843 in miR-182 and the risk of type 2 diabetes, sex, and age at disease onset.
Results: The study showed no significant difference between different genotypes in healthy individuals and diabetic patients (P<0.05). Also, no significant association was found between different genotypes of this polymorphism and risk of diabetes considering GG genotype as the reference genotype (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Due to the lack of association between the rs4541843 in miR-182 and risk of diabetes in this population, this polymorphism cannot be used to screen diabetic patients in the target population. Further studies are needed to evaluate the importance of this polymorphism in different populations.

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 Background and purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of endurance training and resistance programs on sperm parameters and spermatogenesis in diabetic rats.
Materials and methods: In this experimental study, in one group, 24 healthy male Wistar rats were assigned into three subgroups (control, endurance training, and resistance training). The next group (n=24) consisted of male rats, in which diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide (120mg/kg( + streptozotocin (65mg/kg( after 12 hours of starvation. This group was divided into three subgroups (diabetic control, diabetic endurance training, and diabetic resistance training). One week after the induction of diabetes, resistance, and endurance training protocols were performed in all groups for 10 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, the left epididymis was removed to examine sperm parameters.
Results: Blood glucose levels significantly reduced in diabetic group with endurance and resistance trainings (P<0.0001). Sperm parameters (count, motility, and morphology) did not significantly increase in the diabetic group with endurance and resistance training programs compared with those in the diabetic control group (P<0.05). Spermatogenesis indexes (tubul differentiated index, spermiogenesis index, and repopulation index) significantly increased in the diabetic group with endurance and resistance training programs compared with those in the diabetic control group (P<0.0001).
Conclusion: Both types of exercises improved spermatogenesis indexes, but further experiments are needed to evaluate the role of moderate-intensity exercise on the oxidative stress in fertility of diabetic rats.

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Background and purpose: Hyperglycemia contributes to type 2 diabetes and diabetes vascular complications by reduction of the activity of glyoxalase-I (GLO-I) and elevation of glycation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. Linalool is reported to have beneficial effects on glucose metabolism in animal models of diabetes, so, this study aimed at investigating the effect of linalool on the activity of GLO-1 and inflammatory markers in rats with type 2 diabetes.
Materials and methods: In this experimental study, type 2 diabetes was induced by nicotinamide and streptozotocin (210 + 55 mg/kg). The animals were divided into a control group and diabetic groups treated by linalool and those that received no treatment (n=10 per group). Linalool 25 mg/kg was administered by gavage daily for two months. Fasting blood sugar, insulin resistance index, lipid profile, the activity of GLO-I, markers of glycation (glycated albumin, methylglyoxal, and advanced glycation end products), oxidative stress (advanced oxidation end products and malondialdehyde), inflammation (interleukine-1β) as well as serum creatinine and 24-h urinary protein excretion (renal dysfunction markers) were measured in all groups.
Results: Linalool had reductive effects on serum fasting glucose, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, glycation oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and renal dysfunction indices. GLO-I activity was found to be significantly higher in animals treated with linalool compared to the un-treated experimental group (P < 0.001).
Conclusion: Linalool could reduce the risk of developing diabetes vascular complications owing to raising the GLO-I activity and improving the antioxidant, anti-glycation, and anti-inflammatory properties and has beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism.

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 Background and purpose: Type 2 diabetes is the most common endocrine disease due to glucose intolerance and imbalance between reserves and insulin demand. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of intensity interval training and n-chromosomal royal jelly on PEPCK gene expression of hepatocytes and glucose levels and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats.
Materials and methods: This experimental study was done in 36 Wistar rats (4-6 weeks, 100±20 g). After 20 weeks of high-fat diet, diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg STZ per kg body weight. The rats were treated in four groups: control (n=8), training (n=10), royal jelly (n=8), and training-Royal Jelly (n=10). Training protocol continued for eight weeks, including High-intensity interval training (HIIT) for five sessions per week with 2-minute alternation of 2 and 8 interval at 80 to 90% vo2max and a one-minute rest cycle at 50 to 56% vo2max.
Results: Compared to the control group, aerobic exercise led to significant reductions in glucose level and insulin resistance (both P<0.001). Exercise and royal jelly also resulted in increased PEPCK expression in hepatocytes compared to the controls.
Conclusion: Improvement of glycemic profile in response to HIIT and royal jelly in diabetic rats can be attributed to changes in glucose and insulin levels and as well as changes in the expression of PEPCK hepatic gluconeogenic gene.

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 Background and purpose: Patient education is an important part of treatment process. Educational models such as Health Belief Model (HBM) emphasize on people's motivation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of this educational method on self-care performance and metabolic indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Materials and methods: In this clinical trial, type 2 diabetic patients were randomly assigned into an intervention group (n=40) and a control group (n=40) (routine care). In intervention group, diabetes knowledge and health beliefs about diabetes, lifestyle, and self-care were taught through lectures and question/answer forum based on health belief model for 90-minute in four sessions. In all samples, fasting blood sugar, HBA1C, lipoproteins, and blood pressure were measured before and four months after the intervention. Also, health belief model constructs and self-care behavior scale were completed. Data were analyzed in SPSS V23 using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).
Results: Compared to the control group, in intervention group, the scores for knowledge (P=0.01), performance (P= 0.01), and self-efficacy (P= 0.04) increased significantly and the score for perceived barriers decreased significantly (P= 0.02). Changes in FBS, LDL, and blood pressure were similar between the two groups, but a significant difference was seen in changes in HbA1C (P= 0.04).
Conclusion: Education based on health belief model seems to be effective in promoting self-care behaviors and control of metabolic complications in diabetic patients, so the model is suggested to be applied also in larger populations and long term studies in other patients such as those with hypertension and cardiovascular disease. 
 
(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20171230038142N5)

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 Background and purpose: Low quality of life and complications of high blood sugar are among the problems of patients with diabetes. This study aimed to compare the effect of patient-centered education and family-centered education on quality of life and HBA1C in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Materials and methods: A clinical trial was performed in diabetic patients in Rafsanjan Diabetes Clinic. The sample size was 120, who were randomly assigned into three groups: patient-centered intervention, family-centered intervention, and control. Participants in family-centered intervention and patient-centered intervention groups attended 1-hour training program in 12 sessions and the control group received routine care. In the family-centered intervention group, in addition to the patient, a family member attended the training sessions. Data were collected using SF-36 quality of life questionnaire and measuring HBA1C before the intervention and after 12 weeks.
Results: Before the intervention, no significant difference was found between the three groups in quality-of-life score and HBA1C (P>0.05). But after the intervention, the quality-of-life was seen to be significantly different between the three groups (P=0.001(. The mean HBA1C level was not significantly different between the three groups after the intervention (P=0.187).
Conclusion: Educational programs in patients with type 2 diabetes and their families can improve their quality of life and are recommended to be implemented by health care professionals.

(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20150713023190N5)
 

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Background and purpose: Given the inevitable use of metformin in treatment, the management and possible elevation of cobalamin levels by metformin use should be addressed. However, the reduction in vitamin B12 levels caused by metformin has been mentioned in many studies and books, but there is no suggestion for the concomitant use of vitamin B12 with metformin. This study was conducted with the aim of assessing the association between metformin use and vitamin B12 depletion in type 2 patients
Materials and methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 96 people were randomly selected. Two clinic patients referred to Tankab Hospitals and Imam Sajjad (AS) Ramsar Hospital internal clinic with normal CBC from the beginningwere included in this study. Information was recorded in patient records through paraclinics and interviews. 5 ml of venous blood samples was drawn these patients who had been taking metformin for at least 6 months to determine hemoglobin levels, red blood cell indices including MCV, and vitamin B12 levels. CBC and B12 plasma level were taken.t-tests and analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, chi-square tests and logistic regression were used. The software used in this study is IBM-SPSS V.20, and the significance level of the tests is considered to be less than 5%.
Results: In this study, 96 patients were examined. The differences in vitamin B12 levels in diabetic patients taking metformin were borderline significant depending on age (P=0.063). The vitamin B12 level was significantly higher in men than in female patients (P=0.023). There were no statistically significant differences in vitamin B12 levels depending on BMI, Hb level, underlying disease and use of other hypoglycaemic medication (P>0.05). The frequency of vitamin B12 level was significantly lower in diabetic patients taking metformin with normal MCV than in patients with MCV (P=0.012). The frequency of vitamin B12 level was highestin diabetic patients taking 2000 mg metformin per day (13.3%) and lowest in patients taking 500 mg per day, and this difference was statistically significant (P=0.013).
Conclusion: The results show that metformin causes a decrease in vitamin B12 levels in diabetics who take it. Due to the high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency caused by metformin and its relationship with dose and duration of use, patients ' serum levels of vitamin B12 should be monitored regularly and, in case of deficiency or symptoms of deficiency, patients should take vitamin B12 supplements to improve the quality of treatment and prevent complications caused by diabetes and metformin.
 

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Background and purpose: An increase in the production of free radicals is observed after intense exercise and poor diet. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 8 weeks of resistance training and consumption of flaxseed oil on some antioxidant biomarkers, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in women with type 2 diabetes.
Materials and methods: The study was conducted as a clinical trial with 60 women aged 50 to 65 years with type 2 diabetes and comprised four groups: supplement (n=15), exercise (n=15), supplement + exercise (n=15), and control (n=15). The intervention group performed exercise at 40% of 1-RMthree times a week for 8 weeks. The supplement users also took two capsules of 200 mg flaxseed oil daily. To measure the CAT and SOD indicators, 5 cc were taken from the brachial vein in two phases, before and after the test. To analyze the data, a dependent t-test and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed in SPSS version 25 software at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: According to the results, a significant increase in CAT variables was observed after 8 weeks of intervention in the resistance training group (P= 0.04), the flaxseed oil group (P= 0.00), and the resistance training and flaxseed oil group (P= 0.02). However, no significant difference was found in the control group (P= 0.32). In addition, a significant increase in the SOD variable was observed in the resistance training group (P= 0.03), the flaxseed oil group (P= 0.00), and the resistance training + flaxseed oil group (P= 0.00); while no significant difference was observed in the control group (P= 0.67). Furthermore, the highest increase in SOD and CAT variables was observed in the flaxseed oil consumption group.
Conclusion: It appears that the consumption of flaxseed oil, moderate-intensity resistance exercise, and the simultaneous use of both have positive effects on increasing the capacity of the antioxidant agents SOD and CAT.

(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20221120056548N3)

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Background and purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of cardio kickboxing training on some metabolic and inflammatory indicators in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Materials and methods: In this semi-experimental study, 22 men with T2DM were purposefully selected. Eligible volunteers to participate in the research with the age range of 35 to 55 years (exercise group 49.54±0.59, control group 49.9±0.75) were selected and randomly divided into two groups: exercise group (n=11) and control group (n=11). BMI, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, HOMA-IR and CRP were measured 48 hours before and after the experimental period.
Results: In the intervention group, compared to the control group, after 8 weeks of cardio kickboxing a significant decrease in body weight and in the levels of HbA1c, HOMA-IR, FBS, BMI, TG and CRP was observed after completing the training program (P<0.05). Moreover, the results of Pearson's correlation test showed that there was a significant relationship between the reduction of CRP levels, HbA1c (R=0.596, P<0.01) and blood glucose (R=0.386, P<0.05). Furthermore, cardio kickboxing training had no significant effect on LDL, HDL, TC and plasma insulin (P>0.05).
Conclusion: These results revealed that cardio kickboxing exercises had a significant effect on TG, which was a lipid parameter, as well as CRP, which was an inflammatory marker, and contribute to the development of diabetes.
 

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 Background and purpose: Recent studies suggest that HDL-C may not serve as a useful biomarker in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). The present study aimed to improve the prediction of CAD in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with nephropathy by substituting the activity of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) for HDL-C.  
Materials and methods: This study examined 48 T2D patients who underwent coronary angiographic examination. The subjects were divided into two groups: non-CAD and CAD. For measuring PON1 activity, the initial rate of substrate hydrolysis (phenylacetate) was spectrophotometrically assayed at 270 nm. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to compare the predictive performance of the study biomarkers.
Results: The area under the ROC curve showed increases in the diagnostic performance of the study atherogenic ratios by replacing HDL-C with the PON1 in T2D patients with nephropathy. LDL-C/PON1 (AUC=0.72, P=0.048) and log (TG/PON1) (AUC=0.81, P=0.005) had higher predictive powers compared with LDL-C/HDL-C (AUC=0.56, P=0.276) and log (TG/HDL-C) (AUC=0.67, p=0.038) for CAD risk assessment.
Conclusion: The ratios of LDL-C/PON1 and log (TG/PON1) improve the prediction of CAD in T2D patients with nephropathy. Our findings support efforts to practically use HDL function instead of HDL-C levels for CAD diagnosis.
 

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Background and purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the lives of many patients. Spiritual well-being in patients with type 2 diabetes and its relationship with quality of life, especially after controlling confounding factors, is an important aspect that needs more attention in specific populations. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between spiritual well-being and the quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022. The samples included 177 patients with type 2 diabetes who were selected by convenience sampling from diabetes centers in Amol City. Data were collected using demographic information form, spiritual well-being, and quality of life questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at the significance level of P<0.05.
Results: The results of linear regression analysis to investigate the relationship between spiritual well-being and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes with controlling demographic and clinical variables, showed a positive correlation between the connection with life subscale and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes (β=0.49, P<0.001).
Conclusion: The findings suggest that after controlling for clinical and demographic confounding factors, spiritual well-being in patients with type 2 diabetes (especially in the existential health subscale) can predict their quality of life. Therefore, implementing interventions related to promoting spiritual well-being can provide a basis for a better quality of life in the post-COVID era.

 

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Background and purpose: Type 2 diabetes is a health problem and is an emergency that has the fastest growth worldwide. Diabetes is one of the priorities of all public health systems this study aimed to determine the quality of diabetes control in urban family physician centers of Sari city in 1382-1398.
Materials and methods: This study was a cross-sectional and cross-sectional study. The required sample size was 275 patients who were selected randomly (a total of 300 patients) and 20 clusters (center), each consisting of 15 diabetic patients, were controlled. The population of the study included all patients with type 2 diabetes referred to health care centers of sari. The cases included age, sex, level of FBS, 2 hpp, HbA1c, blood pressure, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and body mass index as well as eye examination and amputation were also recorded all the information contained the seal of the family physician. In this study, after data collection, the degree of conformity was compared with ADA guidelines. According to the American diabetes association (ADA), the goal of the treatment of this disease is reaching FBS: 90-130, HbA1c below 7%, BS2hpp<180, BMI; 18.5 to 24.9, TG below 150, LDL below 100 and HDL is equal to 50. All statistical analyses were performed in SPSS software. Descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation for quantitative and frequency and percentage for qualitative variables were discussed.
Result: The study of 300 type 2 diabetic patients showed that the range of age ranged between 30 to 86 years with a mean and standard deviation of 57.5±10.4 years. Also, the lowest body mass index of the patients was 21 and the highest was 53 with a median of 29.4 and an interquartile range (of 27.20 - 32.8). The systolic blood pressure of patients had a median of 120 and interquartile range (110-130) and diastolic blood pressure had a median of 75 and interquartile (75-80). followed by ADA protocol, the frequency of fasting blood glucose (38.4%), blood glucose two hours after meal (37.1%), total 52cases (17.2%) blood sugar control patients according to the American diabetes association .triglyceride (39.7%), HDL in (49% ) and LDL (55.6%) were matched with ADA protocol .also, 32 cases (10.6%) had blood lipid by ADA protocol. Eye examination (14.6%), one turn, (8.3%), three times (1.3%), and three times (0.3%) were performed. also, in 65 cases (21.6%), careful foot examination was done.in addition, 4 cases (1/3%) had amputation due to diabetes and 12 cases (4%) had microalbuminuria.
Conclusion: The result obtained in this study shows that the status of diabetes control in the studied population is better than other studies in Iran however it is far from the standards of the American Diabetes Association, the need for more planning and intervention in the need for correct education and timely referral to There are specialized centers, training and intervention to reduce the weight of these patients. Factors such as lifestyle and socio-economic conditions that institutions and service providers have no control over should be corrected by policymakers