تاثیر نانوذرات تیتانا در پرتودرمانی: یک بررسی درون تنی در مدل حیوانی Effect of Nano-Titana in Radiotherapy: An In vivo Animal Study 1 1 سابقه و هدف: از میان سرطان‌های مختلف، شیوع سرطان پستان در بین زنان بیش‌تر بوده است که یکی از روش‌های درمان آن پرتودرمانی می‌باشد و برای بالابردن بازده آن از حساس‌کننده‌های پرتوی استفاده می‌شود. از جمله این حساس‌کننده‌ها، نانوذرات می‌باشند که با ایجاد استرس اکسیداتیو و ایجاد رادیکال‌های آزاد، اثر هم‌افزایی با تابش دارند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر هم زمان نانوذره TiO2 و پرتودرمانی سرطان پستان در مدل حیوانی بوده است. مواد و روش‌ها: در مطالعه تجربی حاضر پس از القای تومور آدنوکارسینومای پستان در موش Balb/C ، موش‌ها به‌صورت تصادفی به گروه‌های کنترل، تزریق آناتاز با دوز mg/kg 5 و دوز mg/kg 10 با و بدون تابش، تزریق روتایل با دوز mg/kg 5 و mg/kg با و بدون تابش 10 و تابش تقسیم‌بندی شده و روند درمان در گروه‌های مختلف با ارزیابی سایز تومور مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: در گروه‌های نانوذره آناتاز با و بدون پرتودرمانی مقادیرحجم، حجم نسبی و درصد حجم نسبی، به ترتیب افزایش کم و کاهش قابل‌توجهی را نشان داد. در گروه‌های روتایل با و بدون پرتودرمانی این پارامترها به‌ترتیب افزایش خیلی کم و افزایش قابل توجهی داشت. IR برای گروه‌های آناتاز با و بدون پرتودرمانی کاهش و به مقدار منفی و سپس افزایش و به مقدار صفر و مثبت رسید و درگروه‌های روتایل با و بدون پرتودرمانی تغییرات کمی داشت. استنتاج: نانوذره TiO2 به‌دلیل تولید ROS سبب افزایش حساسیت پرتوی سلول‌های توموری می‌شوند. کریستال‌های آناتاز به‌دلیل سطح بزرگ تر، فعالیت فوتوکاتالیکی بیش تر و تولید رادیکال آزاد بیش‌تر نسبت به کریستال‌های روتایل موثرترند. 2 Background and purpose: Among different cancers, breast cancer has a high prevalence among women and radiotherapy is used as a treatment modality in which radio sensitizers are used to increase its efficiency. Nanoparticles are such sensitizers that enhance the efficiency of radiotherapy via creation of free radicals and induction of oxidative stress. This study aimed at evaluating the synergistic effect of radiation therapy and TiO2 nanoparticles on animal models of breast cancer. Materials and methods: After induction of breast adenocarcinoma tumors in Balb/C, the animals were divided into several groups as control, rutile and anatase injections at 5mg/kg and 10mg/kg doses/with and without radiotherapy. Then, the efficiency of treatment was evaluated. Results: In groups receiving anatase nanoparticles with and without radiation, the values for tumor volume, relative volume and relative volume percentage showed a small increase and a considerable reduction, respectively. In rutile groups with and without radiation, these values showed a small increase and a considerable increase, respectively. IR value reduced to negative value and then increased to zero and positive in anatase groups with and without radiation. This parameter had little changes in rutile groups with and without radiation. Conclusion: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles increased sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation therapy due to ROS production. Compared with rutile crystals, anatase crystals have intense effect because of having a larger surface area and higher photocatalytic activity. 1 13 2017/06/6 1396/3/16 2017/06/6 1396/3/16 حامد معصومی Hamed Masumi دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی و دپارتمان فیزیک پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سمنان، سمنان، ایران ایران هادی حسن زاده Hadi Hasanzadeh استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات سرطان و دپارتمان فیزیک پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سمنان، سمنان، ایران ایران Hasanzadeh.h@semums.ac.ir مصطفی رضایی طاویرانی Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani استاد، مرکز تحقیقات پروتئومیکس، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران مجید جدیدی Majid Jadidi دانشیار، دپارتمان فیزیک پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سمنان، سمنان، ایران ایران علیرضا نیکوفر Alireza Nikoofar استادیار، مرکز آموزشی، پژوهشی، درمانی فیروزگر، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران رضا نصر Reza Nasr کارشناس ارشد میکروبیولوژی پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات بیوتکنولوژی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سمنان، سمنان، ایران ایران امیر دربندی آذر Amir Darbandi-Azar دامپزشک، مرکز آموزشی، پژوهشی، درمانی قلب شهید رجایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران احمد بیطرفان رجبی Ahmad Bitarafan Rajabi دانشیار، مرکز تحقیقات مداخلات قلبی و عروقی و بخش پزشکی هسته‌ای، مرکز آموزشی، پژوهشی، درمانی قلب شهید رجایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران وحید سمنانی Vahid Semnani دانشیار، مرکز آموزشی، پژوهشی، درمانی کوثر، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سمنان، سمنان، ایران ایران radiotherapy radiation sensitizer TiO2 nanoparticle سرطان پرتودرمانی حساس کننده پرتویی نانوذره TiO2 1. Stewart B, Wild CP. World Cancer Report 2014. Earopean Society For Medical Oncology, 2015.##2. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015; 65(2): 87-108.##3. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016; 66(1): 7-30.##4. Harirchi I, Karbakhsh M, Kashefi A, Momtahen AJ. Breast cancer in Iran: results of a multi-center study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2004; 5(1): 24-27.##5. Sadjadi A, Nouraie M, Mohagheghi MA, Mousavi-Jarrahi A, Malekezadeh R, Parkin D. Cancer occurrence in Iran in 2002, an international perspective. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2005; 6(3): 359-363.##6. Rabatic BM. Experimental Therapies in Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer Biology for the Radiation Oncologist: Springer; 2014. p. 81-90.##7. Nazemi-Gelyan H, Hasanzadeh H, Makhdumi Y, Abdollahi S, Akbari F, Varshoee-Tabrizi F, et al. Evaluation of Organs at Risk's Dose in External Radiotherapy of Brain Tumors. Iran J Cancer Prev. 2015; 8(1): 47-52.##8. Nikoofar A, Hoseinpour Z, Rabi Mahdavi S, Hasanzadeh H, Rezaei Tavirani M. High-Dose-Rate (192)Ir Brachytherapy Dose Verification: A Phantom Study. Iran J Cancer Prev. 2015; 8(3): e2330.##9. Nazemi Gelyan H, Makhdumi Y, Nikoofar A, Hasanzadeh H. Measurement of surface dose in external radiotherapy of brain frontal lobe: A study on patient and phantom. Koomesh. 2016; 17(2): 323-328.##10. Halperin EC, Brady LW, Wazer DE, Perez CA. Perez & Brady's principles and practice of radiation oncology. 6th ed. Lippincott: Williams & Wilkins; 2013.##11. Zabbarova I, Kanai A. Targeted delivery of radioprotective agents to mitochondria. Mol Interv. 2008; 8(6): 294- 302.##12. Dolat E, Hasanzadeh H, Rezaei-Tavirany M, Heydari-keshel S, Jabbari-Arfaee A, Seyyedi S, et al. Evaluation of Synergistic Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticles and Gamma Rays on Human Breast Cancer Cell Line. J Ilam Univ Med Sci. 2013; 20(4): 223-230.##13. Rezaei-Tavirani M, Dolat E, Hasanzadeh H, Seyyedi S-S, Semnani V, Sobhi S. TiO2 Nanoparticle as a sensitizer drug in radiotherapy: in vitro study. Iran J Cancer Prev. 2013; 6(suppl 1): 37-44.##14. Javvadi P, Segan AT, Tuttle SW, Koumenis C. The chemopreventive agent curcumin is a potent radiosensitizer of human cervical tumor cells via increased reactive oxygen species production and overactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Mole Pharmacol. 2008; 73(5): 1491-1501.##15. Sarkar A, Ghosh M, Sil PC. Nanotoxicity: oxidative stress mediated toxicity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2014; 14(1): 730-743.##16. Omidi M, Yadegari A, Zali H, Hashemi M, Hasanzadeh H. Cancer cell detection using electrochemical nanobiosensor based on graphene/ gold nanoparticle. Koomesh. 2016; 18(1): 211-219.##17. Fu PP, Xia Q, Hwang H-M, Ray PC, Yu H. Mechanisms of nanotoxicity: generation of reactive oxygen species. J Drug Anal. 2014; 22(1): 64-75.##18. Kwatra D, Venugopal A, Anant S. Nanoparticles in radiation therapy: a summary of various approaches to enhance radiosensitization in cancer. Translational Cancer Research. 2013; 2(4): 330-342.##19. Ren F, Bhana S, Norman DD, Johnson J, Xu L, Baker DL, et al. Gold nanorods carrying paclitaxel for photothermal-chemotherapy of Bioconjug Chem. 2013; 24 (3): 376-386.cancer.##20. Peters K, Unger RE, Kirkpatrick CJ, Gatti AM, Monari E. Effects of nano-scaled particles on endothelial cell function in vitro: studies on viability, proliferation and inflammation. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2004; 15(4): 321-325.##21. Gurr J-R, Wang AS, Chen C-H, Jan K-Y. Ultrafine titanium dioxide particles in the absence of photoactivation can induce oxidative damage to human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicology. 2005; 213(1-2): 66-73.##22. Jin C, Tang Y, Yang FG, Li XL, Xu S, Fan XY, et al. Cellular toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles in anatase and rutile crystal phase. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011; 141(1-3): 3-15.##23. Alamolhoda M, Mokhtari-Dizaji M, Barati AH, Hasanzadeh H. Comparing the in vivo sonodynamic effects of dual- and single-frequency ultrasound in breast adenocarcinoma. J Med Ultrason (2001) . 2012; 39(3): 115-125.##24. Hasanzadeh H, Mokhtari-Dizaji M, Bathaie SZ, Hassan ZM. Effect of fractionation on treatment outcome in local dual-frequency sonication and Dox-encapsulated nanomicelles. J Med Ultrason (2001). 2013; 40(4): 303-308.##25. Hasanzadeh H, Mokhtari-Dizaji M, Bathaie SZ, Hassan ZM, Shahbazfar AA. Dual-frequency ultrasound activation of nanomicellar doxorubicin in targeted tumor chemotherapy. J Med Ultrason. 2014; 41(2): 139-150.##26. Spiegel MR, Liu J. Mathematical Handbook of Formulas and Tables. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999.##27. Vijaya Shanti B. Novel Applications of Nanotechnology in Life Sciences. J Bioanal Biomed. 2011; S11.##28. Robertson F, Ferrari M. Introduction and rationale for nanotechnology in cancer therapy. Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy . Taylor & Francis Group : 2006; 1-10.##29. Crabtree RH . A new type of hydrogen bond. Science. 1998; 282(5396): 2000-2001.##30. Tyagi A, Raj B. Physics and chemistry of photocatalytic titanium dioxide: visualization of bactericidal activity using atomic force microscopy. Current Science. 2006; 90(10):1378-1383.##31. Hussain S, Hess K, Gearhart J, Geiss K, Schlager J. In vitro toxicity of nanoparticles in BRL 3A rat liver cells. Toxicol In Vitro . 2005; 19(7): 975-983##32. Park S, Lee YK, Jung M, Kim KH, Chung N, Ahn E-K, Lim Y, Lee K-H. Cellular toxicity of various inhalable metal nanoparticles on human alveolar epithelial cells. Inhalation toxicology 2007; 19: 59-65##33. Lammers T, Kiessling F, Hennink WE, Storm G. Drug targeting to tumors: principles, pitfalls and (pre-) clinical progress. J Control Release. 2012; 161(2): 175-187.##34. Lagopati N, Kitsiou P, Kontos A, Venieratos P, Kotsopoulou E, Kontos A, et al. Photo-induced treatment of breast epithelial cancer cells using nanostructured titanium dioxide solution. J Photoch Photobio A. 2010; 214(2-3): 215-223##35. Ashikaga T, Wada M, Kobayashi H, Mori M, Katsumura Y, Fukui H, et al. Effect of the photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 on plasmid DNA. Mutat Res. 2000; 466(1): 1-7.## ##

بررسی ایمنی زائی نانوژل کایتوسان واجد پروتئین نوترکیب IpaC از شیگلا در خوکچه هندی Immunogenicity of Chitosan Nanogel Containing IpaC Recombinant Protein from Shigella in Guinea Pig 1 1 سابقه و هدف: گونه‌های شیگلا عامل بیماری شیگلوز در انسان می‌باشد. با توجه به فراوانی بیماری و شیوع مقاومت آنتی بیوتیکی، ساخت ایمونوژن موثر علیه باکتری هدف مهمی است. آنتی‌ژن‌های تهاجمی پلاسمید از جمله IpaC و IpaD از مهم‌ترین عوامل بیماری زای شیگلا هستند. بارگذاری آنتی‌ژن‌ها در حامل‌های ویژه از قبیل نانوژل‌های کیتوسانی، نه تنها آن ها را در برابر عوامل محیطی محفاظت کرده بلکه غلظت‌های مناسب از آنتی‌ژن را در محیط فراهم کرده و فعالیت زیستی را افزایش می دهد. هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی ایمنی زائی پروتئین IpaC بارگذاری شده نانوژل های کیتوسان بود. مواد و روش‌ها: پروتئین نوترکیب در E.coli بیان و با گرموتوگرافی میل ترکیب تخلیص شد. نانوژل های کیتوسانی به روش ژلاسیون یونی و از طریق میانکنش کیتوسان با اتصال دهنده تری پلی فسفات (TPP) تهیه شدند. نانوژل ها با IpaC بارگذاری و خصوصیات ساختاری آن ها با SEM و DLS بررسی گردید. پروتئین بارگذاری شده از مسیر خوراکی و تزریقی به خوکچه هندی انتقال یافتند. تیتر آنتی‌بادی‌ها با روش الایزا تعیین شد. حیوان ها از طریق روش سرنی و با استفاده از باکتری شیگلا فلکسنری چالش شدند. یافته‌ها: بیان پروتئین نوترکیب E.coli منجر به تولید IpaC با وزن 60 کیلودالتون شد. ظرفیت بارگذاری نانوژل ها پس از 48 ساعت انکوباسیون، 98 درصد بود. متوسط اندازه نانوذرات 418 نانومتر بود. ایمن سازی موش‌ها پاسخ آنتی‌بادی سرمی را القا کرد. استنتاج: حفاظت بخشی پروتئین بارگذاری شده از مسیر خوراکی بهتر از مسیر تزریقی بود. 2 Background and purpose: Shigella species cause shigellosis in humans. Considering the high frequency of illness and antibiotic resistance, development of an effective immunogen against bacteria is a major goal. Invasion Plasmid Antigen such as IpaD and IpaC are the major bacterial virulence agents of Shigella. Encapsulation of antigens in particular carriers such as chitosanic nanogels, not only protects them from degradation in environmental elements but also provides the effective concentrations of antigens in targets, hence increasing bioactivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunogenic properties of IpaC protein encapsulated in chitosanic nanogels. Materials and methods: The protein was expressed in E.coli and purified by affinity chromatography. Chitosan nanogels were prepared by ionic gelation method using tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a crosslinking agent. The nanogels were loaded with IpaC and their structures were characterized by SEM and DLS. Encapsulated protein was introduced in guinea pigs by oral and parenteral routes. Antibody titers were determined by ELISA. Animals were challenged By Sereny test with wild-type S. flexneri. Results: Expression of recombinant protein in E.coli led to the production of IpaC with 60 kDa molecular weight. Loading efficiency of nanogel was 98% after 48h of incubation. The average particle size was 418 nm. Immunization of mice induced serum antibody response. Conclusion: The productivity of encapsulated protein via oral route was better than parenteral route. 14 27 2017/06/62017/01/23 1395/11/4 2017/06/62017/04/12 1396/1/23 شهرام نظریان Shahram Nazarian استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات زیست شناسی، دانشکده و پژوهشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه جامع امام حسین(ع)، تهران، ایران ایران nazarian56@gmail.com لطیف موسوی گرگری Seyed Latif Mousavi Gargari استاد، گروه زیست شناسی،دانشکده علوم پایه،دانشگاه شاهد ایران :slmousavi@shahed.ac.ir مهدی عظیم بیک Mehdi Azimbeyk کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه شاهد ایران mazimbeyk@ymail.com nanogel chitosan Shigella IpaC immunogen شیگلا ایمونوژن IpaC کیتوسان نانوژل 1. Nazarian S, Gargari SL, Rasooli I, Alerasol M, Bagheri S, Alipoor SD. Prevalent phenotypic and genotypic profile of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among Iranian children. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2014; 67(2): 78-85.##2. Nazarian S, Gargari SL, Rasooli I, Hasannia S, Pirooznia N. A PLGA-encapsulated chimeric protein protects against adherence and toxicity of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Res. 2014; 169(2-3): 205-212.##3. Malaei F, Hesaraki M, Saadati M, Ahdi AM, Sadraeian M, Honari H, et al. Immunogenicity of a new recombinant IpaC from Shigella dysenteriae type I in guinea pig as a vaccine candidate. Iran J Immunol. 2013; 10(2): 110-117.##4. Carayol N, Tran Van Nhieu G.Tips and tricks about Shigella invasion of epithelial cells. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2013;16(1):32-37.##5. The HC, Thanh DP, Holt KE, Thomson NR, Baker S. The genomic signatures of Shigella evolution, adaptation and geographical spread. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016; 14(4): 235-250.##6. Schuch R, Maurelli AT. The mxi-Spa type III secretory pathway of Shigella flexneri requires an outer membrane lipoprotein, MxiM, for invasin translocation. Infect Immun. 1999; 67(4):1982-1991.##7. Lee JH, Park H, Park YH. Molecular mechanisms of host cytoskeletal rearrangements by Shigella invasins.Int J Mol Sci. 2014; 15(10):18253-1866.##8. Yang SC, Hung CF, Aljuffali IA, Fang JY. The roles of the virulence factor IpaB in Shigella spp. in the escape from immune cells and invasion of epithelial cells. Microbiol Res. 2015;181:43-51.##9. Roehrich AD, Guillossou E, Blocker AJ, Martinez- Argudo I. Shigella IpaD has a dual role :signal transduction from the type III secretion system needletip and intracellular secretion regulation. Mol Microbiol. 2013; 87(3):690-706.##10. Heine SJ , Franco-Mahecha OL , Chen X, Choudhari S, Blackwelder WC, van Roosmalen ML, et al. Shigella IpaB and IpaD displayed on L. lactis bacterium-like particles induce protective immunity in adult and infant mice. Immunol Cell Biol. 2015; 93(7): 641-652.##11. Pasetti MF, Jakub K. Simon, Marcelo B. Sztein, Myron M Levine. Immunology of Gut Mucosal Vaccines.Immunol Rev. 2011; 239(1): 125–148.##12. Martinez-Becerra FJ, Kissmann JM, Diaz-McNair J, Choudhari SP, Quick AM, Mellado-Sanchez G, et all, Broadly protective Shigella vaccine based on type III secretion apparatus proteins. Infect Immun. 2012; 80(3): 1222-1231.##13. Lycke N. Recent progress in mucosal vaccine development: potential and limitations. Nat Rev Immunol. 2012; 12(8): 592-605.##14. Woodrow KA, Bennett KM, Lo DD. Mucosal vaccine design and delivery. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2012;14:17-46.##15. Van der Lubben IM, Verhoef JC, Borchard G, Junginger HE. Chitosan for mucosal vaccination. Adv Drug Deliver Rev. 2001; 52(2):139-144.##16. He C, Hu Y, Yin L, Tang C, Yin C. Effects of particle size and surface charge on cellular uptake and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2010; 31(13): 3657-3666.##17. O Hagan DT, Singh M, Ulmer JB. Microparticle-based technologies for vaccines. Methods. 2006;40(1):10-19.##18. Zhao L, Seth A, Wibowo N, Zhao CX, Mitter N, Yu C, et al. Nanoparticle vaccines. Vaccine. 2014; 32(3): 327-337.##19. Gregory AE, Titball R, Williamson D. Vaccine delivery using nanoparticles.Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013; 3:13.##20. Badawy M, Rabea E. A biopolymer chitosan and its derivatives as promising antimicrobial agents against plant pathogens and their applications in crop protection. Int J Carbohydr Chem. 2011;2011:1-29.##21. Prego C, Garcia M, Torres D, Alonso M. Transmucosal macromolecular drug delivery. J Control Release. 2005;101(1-3):151-162.##22. Kang ML, Cho CS, Yoo HS. Application of chitosan microspheres for nasal delivery of vaccines. Biotechnol Adv. 2009; 27(6):857-865.##23. Koppolu B, Zaharoff DA. The effect of antigen encapsulation in chitosan particles on uptake, activation and presentation by antigen presenting cells. Biomaterials. 2013; 34(9):2359-2369.##24. Koppolu BP, Smith SG, Ravindranathan S, Jayanthi S, Suresh Kumar TK, Zaharoff DA. Controlling chitosan-based encapsulation for protein and vaccine delivery.Biomaterials. 2014; 35(14): 4382-4389.##25. Mitra A, Dey B. Chitosan microspheres in novel drug delivery systems. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2011 ; 73(4):355-366.##26. Baranvand M, Honari H. Evaluation of Immunogenicity of Chitosan Nanoparticles Containing STxB and STxB-IpaD Antigens of Shigella Dysenteriae Type 1 in Mice. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2016;23(4):688-697.##27. Camacho AI, Irache JM, de Souza J, Sánchez-Gómez S, Gamazo C. Nanoparticle-based vaccine for mucosal protection against Shigella flexneri in mice. Vaccine. 2013; 31(32): 3288-3294.##28. Niyoqi SK. Shigellosis. J Microbiol. 2005; 43(2): 133-143.##29. Khaloiee F, Pourfarzam P, Rasooli I, Amani J, Nazarian S, Mousavi S. (2013). In silico analysis of chimeric recombinant immunogen against three diarrhea causing bacteria. J Cell Mol Res. 2013; 5(2): 65-74.##30. Taranejoo S, Janmaleki M, Rafienia M, Kamali M, Mansouri M. Chitosan microparticles loaded with exotoxin A subunit antigen for intranasal vaccination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: An in vitro study. Carbohydr Polym. 2011;83(4):1854-1861.##31. Ibezim E, Andrade C, Marcia C, Barretto B, Odimegwu D, de Lima F. Ionically Cross-linked Chitosan/ Tripolyphosphate Microparticles for the Controlled Delivery of Pyrimethamine. Ibnosina J Med Biomed Sci. 2011; 3(3): 77-88.##32. Tsai M, Bai SW, Chen RH. Cavitation effects versus stretch effects resulted in different size and polydispersity of ionotropic gelation chitosan sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticle. Carbohyd Polym. 2008; 71(3): 448-457.##33. Doavi T, Mousavi SL, Kamali M, Amani J, Ramandi M. Chitosan-Based Intranasal Vaccine against Escherichia coli O157: H7. Iran biomed j. 2016;20(2):97-108.##34. Hosseinzadeh H, Atyabi F, Dinarvand R,Ostad SN. Chitosan-Pluronic nanoparticles as oral delivery of anticancer gemcitabine:preparation and in vitro study. Int J Nanomedicine. 2012; 7: 1851-1863.##35. Honary S , Zahir F. Effect of zeta potential on the properties of nano-drug delivery systems- A review (Part 1).Trop J Pharm Res. 2013; 12 (2): 255-264.##36. Atabi F, Mousavi SL, Hashemi M, Yaghmaei P. Designing and Comparison of Two Types of Chitosan Nanogels for Doxorubicine Delivery. Pathobiol Res.2015;18(2):53-67.(persian).##37. Shahsavari S, Vasheghani-Farahani E, Ardjmand M, Abedin Dorkoosh F. Modeling of Drug Released from Acyclovir Nanoparticles Based on Artificial Neural Networks. Lett Drug Des Discov. 2014; 11(2): 174-183.## ##

اثرات سرب و کادمیوم بر بقاء، پیش پراکسیداسیون لیپیدی و ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی کل در کرم خاکی ایزینیا فتیدا Cadmium and Lead Effects on Viability, Lipid Peroxidation and Total Antioxidant Capacity Levels in Eisenia fetida 1 1 سابقه و هدف: گسترش روز افزون ورود فلزات سنگین به محیط و تاثیر آن‌ها روی ساختار اجتماع جانداران خاکزی موجب بر هم زدن اکوسیستم خاک می‌شود. از سویی دیگر مطالعه پاسخ‌های مولکولی و سلولی بی‌مهر‌گان خاکزی به عنوان بیومارکرهایی از سلامت محیط می‌تواند اطلاعات مفیدتری در رابطه با اثرات استرس آلاینده‌ها بر آن‌ها ارائه دهد. از این رو هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی اثرات سرب و کادمیوم روی بقاء، توده زیستی و نیز پراکسیداسیون لیپیدی و ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی کل به‌عنوان نشانگرهای فیزیولوژیکی سلول، از گونه Eisenia fetida کرم خاکی بوده است. مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه تجربی تست سمیت روی کرم خاکی به روش Filter paper مطابق دستورالعمل 207 سازمان همکاری اقتصادی و توسعه جهانی (OECD) انجام شد. سطح فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدان‌های کل (TAC) و پراکسیداسیون لیپیدی به ترتیب با روش‌های توان آنتی اکسیدانی احیای آهن (FRAP) و تیو باربیوتوریک اسید (TBA) اندازه‌‌گیری شدند. یافته‌ها: این مطالعه نشان داد میزان LC50 به عنوان نشانگر بقاء برای سرب و کادمیوم به ترتیب بر حسب µg/cm2 در بازه زمانی 24 ساعته 84/54 و 18/14و در بازه 48 ساعته 1/34 و 4/8 است. هم‌چنین به‌طورکلی با افزایش غلظت سرب و کادمیوم، میزان مرگ، کاهش وزن، پراکسیداسیون لیپیدی و ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی کل افزایش یافت. این در حالی است که حساسیت کرم‌ها به کادمیوم نسبت به سرب بیش‌تر بود(05/0P<). استنتاج: براساس یافته‌ها در گونه E. fetida کرم خاکی در حضور سرب و کادمیوم TAC و MDA به طور معنی‌داری افزایش پیدا می‌کند. لذا اندازه‌گیری TAC و MDA می‌تواند به‌عنوان نشانگرهای فیزیولوژیکی سلول در حساسیت گونه E. fetida کرم‌خاکی به آلاینده‌های سرب و کادمیوم در مدیریت منابع آلاینده و سلامت محیط‌زیست مورد توجه محققین قرار گیرد. 2 Background and purpose: Increasing entry of heavy metals into the environment and its effects on social structure of soil organisms disturbs the soil ecosystem. Study of molecular and cellular soil invertebrate responses as biomarkers of environmental health can provide useful information in relation to the effect of pollutants on them. Accordingly the aim of this research was to study the effects of cadmium and lead on Biomass, lipid peroxidation (LPo) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as cell physiology markers, in Eisenia fetida earthworm. Materials and methods: In this study, acute toxicity test was carried out according to the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) guidelines (NO 207). TAC and LPo levels were assayed by ferric reducing antioxidant power and thiobarbituric acid methods, respectively. Results: LC50 as a viability marker, for Cd and Pb (µg/cm2) were 54.84 and 14.18 in 24h, and 34.1 and 8.4 in 48h, respectively. By increase in concentrations of lead and cadmium the rate of mortality, weight loss, LPo and TAC increased. E. fetida was found to be more sensitive to Cd than Pb (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, in presence of lead and cadmium LPo and TAC increase significantly in E. fetida earthworm. Therefore, measurement of MDA and TAC as cell physiology markers could be used to evaluate the sensitivity of E. fetida earthworm to Cd and Pb in management of pollution resources and environmental health. 28 39 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/22 1395/9/2 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/17 1396/1/28 محمدحسین سینکاکریمی Mohammad Hosein Sinkakarimi دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه ملایر، گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران ایران عیسی سلگی Eisa Solgi استادیار دانشگاه ملایر، گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران. ایران e.solgi@yahoo.com اباصلت حسین زاده کلاگر Abasalt Hosseinzadeh Colagar استاد دانشگاه مازندران، گروه زیست شناسی سلولی و مولکولی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه مازندران ایران acolagar@yahoo.com cadmium earthworm lead lipid peroxidation Malondialdehyde total antioxidant capacity کرم خاکی ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدان های کل (TAC) پراکسیداسیون لیپیدی مالون دی آلدئید (MDA) سرب کادمیوم 1. Wu B, Liu Z, Xu Y, Li D, Li M. Combined Toxicity of Cadmium and Lead on the Earthworm Eisenia fetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta). Ecotoxicol Environ Safe 2012; 81: 122-126.##2. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Innovative remediation technologies: field scale demonstration projects in North America.2thed. Georgia: Environmental Management Support, Inc. 2000.##3. Zaltauskaite J, Sodiene. I. Effects of cadmium and lead on the life-cycle parameters of juvenile earthworm Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe .2014; 103: 9-16.##4. Atafar Z, Mesdaghinia A, Nouri J, Homaee M, Yunesian M, Ahmadimoghaddam M, etal. Effect of fertilizer application on soil heavy metal concentration. Environ Monitor Asses 2010; 160(1): 83-89.##5. Cheraghi M, Lorestani B, Merrikhpour H. Investigation of the effects of phosphate fertilizer application on the heavy metal content in agricultural soils with different cultivation patterns. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 145(1): 87-92.##6. Boudaghi Malidareh H, Mahvi AH, Yunesian M, Alimohammadi M, Nazmara Sh. Effect of Fertilizer Application on Paddy Soil Heavy Metals Concentration and Groundwater in North of Iran. Middle East J Sci Res .2014; 20(12): 1721-1727.##7. Zhou D, Ning Y, Wang B, Wang G, Su Y, Li L, etal. Study on the influential factors of Cd2+ on the earthworm Eisenia fetida in oxidative stress based on factor analysis approach. Chemosphere. 2016; 157: 181-189.##8. Strojan CL. Forest leaf litter decomposition in the vicinity of a zinc smelter. Oecologia 1978; 32(2): 203-212.##9. Nordgren A, Baath E, Soderstrom B. Soil microfungi in an area polluted by heavy metals. Can J Bot .1985; 63: 448-455.##10. Ausrnus BS, Dodson GJ, Jackson DR. Behavior of heavy metals in forest microcosms. Water Air Soil Pollut 1978; 10(1): 19-26.##11. Tyler G. The impact of heavy metal pollution on forests: a case study of Gusum, Sweden. Ambio 1984; 13(1): 18-24.##12. Mirmonsef H, Hornum HD, Jensen J, Holmstrup M. Effects of an aged copper contamination on distribution of earthworms, reproduction and cocoon hatchability. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf .2017; 135: 267-275.##13. Zheng K, Liu ZT, Li Y, Chi Y, Li M. Toxicological responses of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) exposed to metal-contaminated soils. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int.2013; 20(12): 8382-8390.##14. Ciğerci İH, Ali MM, Kaygısız ŞY, Liman R. Genotoxicity assessment of cobalt chloride in Eisenia hortensis earthworms coelomocytes by comet assay and micronucleus test. Chemosphere. 2016 144: 754-757.##15. Jha EN. Genotoxicological studies in aquatic organisms: an overview. Mutat Res 2004; 552(1-2): 1-17.##16. OECD. Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals 1984; 1: 1-9.##17. ISO, 17512-1. Soil Quality-Avoidance test for determining the quality of soils and effects of chemicals on behaviour-Part 1: Test with earthworms (Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei) Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. 2008.##18. OECD. Earthworm Reproduction Test (Eisenia fetida/andrei). OECD Guideline for Testing Chemicals. 2004; 1: 1-18.##19. Scaps P, Grelle C, Decamps M. Cadmium and lead accumulation in the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny) and its impact on cholinesterase and metabolic pathway enzymes. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 1997; 116: 233-238.##20. Morgan AJ, Stürzenbaum SR, Winters C, Grime GW, Aziz NA, Kille P. Differential metallothionein expression in earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) tissues. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2004; 57(1): 11-19.##21. Jager T, Fleuren RH, Hogendoorn EA, De Korte G. Elucidating the routes of exposure for organic chemicals in the earthworm, Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta). Environ Sci Technol 2003; 37(15): 3399-3404.##22. Hosseini Panah E, Takdastan A. Feasibility of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Removal from Drill Cutting with Digested Sludge Using Earth Worm. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2016; 25(133): 319-324.##23. Zazouli M A, Asgharnia H, Yazdani Cherati J, Ziaee Hezarjeribi H, Ahmadnezhad A. Evaluation of Cow Manure Effect as Bulking Agent on Concentration of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sewage Sludge Vermicomposting. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci .2015; 25(124): 152-169.##24. Lionetto MG, Calisi A, Schettino T. Earthworm biomarkers as tools for soil pollution assessment. Rijeka, Croatia In-Tech Open Access Publisher. 2012##25. Chen C, Zhou, Liu S, Xiu Z. Acute toxicity, biochemical and gene expression responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to polycyclic musks. Chemosphere 2011; 83(8): 1147-1154.##26. Gholinezhad Chari M, Hosseinzadeh Colagar A. Seminal plasma lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity, and cigarette smoking in asthenoteratospermic men. J Men's Health 2011; 8(1): 43-49.##27. Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal biochem 1979; 95(2): 351-358.##28. Benzie IF, Strain JJ. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem 1996; 239(1): 70-76.##29. Neuhauser EF, Loehr RC, Miligan DL, Malecki MR. Toxicity of metals to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Biol Fert Soils .1985; 1(3):149-152.##30. Fitzpatrick LC, Muratti-Ortiz JF, Venables BJ, Goven AJ. Comparative toxicity in earthworms Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris exposed to cadmium nitrate using artificial soil and filter paper protocols. Bull Environ Contamin Toxicol 1996; 57(1): 63-68.##31. Hirano T, Tamae K. Heavy metal-induced oxidative DNA damage in earthworms: a review. App Environ Soil Sci 2010: 2010.##32. Nakashima T, Okada T, Asahi J, Yamashita A, Kawai K, Kasai H, etal. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine generated in the earthworm Eisenia fetida grown in metal-containing soil. Mutat Res 2008; 654(2): 138-144.##33. Sivakumar S. Effects of metals on earthworm life cycles: a review. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187(3): 530.##34. Sivakumar S, Subbhuraam CV. Toxicity of chromium (III) and chromium (VI) to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicol Environ Chem 2005; 62(1): 93-98.##35. Spurgeeon DJ, Hopkin, SP, Jones DT. Effects of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on growth, reproduction and survival of the earthworm Eisenia foetida (Savigny): assessing the environmental impact of point-source metal contamination in terrestrial ecosystems. Environ Pollut 1994; 84(2): 123-130.##36. Miyazaki A, Amano T, Saito H, Nakano Y. Acute toxicity of chlorophenols to earthworms using a simple paper contact method and comparison with toxicities to fresh water organisms. Chemosphere 2002; 47(1): 65-69.##37. Roberts LB, Dorough HW. Relative toxicities of chemicals to the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Environ Toxicol Chem 1984; 3(1): 67-78.##38. Xu XB, Shi YJ, Lu YL, Zheng XQ, Ritchie RJ. Growth inhibition and altered gene transcript levels in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to 2, 20, 4, 40- tetrabromodiphenyl ether. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2015; 69(1): 1-7.##39. Zhang W, Liu K, Li J, Chenc L, Lin K. Uptake and depuration kinetics of lead (Pb) and biomarker responses in the earthworm Eisenia fetida after simultaneous exposure to deca-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE209). Ecotoxicol Environ Safe 2015; 113: 45-51.##40. Xu DM, Li CD, Wen YZ, Liu WP. Antioxidant defense system responses and DNA damage of earthworms exposed to Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Environ Pollut 2013; 174: 121-127.##41. Wang Z, Cui Z, Liu L, Ma Q, Xu X. Toxicological and biochemical responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to contaminated soil: Effects of arsenic species. Chemosphere 2016; 154: 161-170.##42. Bartsch H, Nair J. Ultrasensitive and specific detection methods for exocyclic DNA adducts: markers for lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Toxicology 2000; 153(1-3): 105-114.##43. Chen X, Wang X, Gu X, Jiang Y, Ji R. Oxidative stress responses and insights into the sensitivity of the earthworms Metaphire guillelmi and Eisenia fetida to soil cadmium. Sci Total Environ 2017; 574: 300-306.##44. Liu J, Xiong K, Ye X, Zhang J, Yang Y, Ji L. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of bromadiolone to earthworm Eisenia fetida. Chemosphere 2015; 135: 250-256.##45. Panzarino O, Hyrsl P, Dobe P, Vojtek L, Vernile P, Bari G, et al. Rank-based biomarker index to assess cadmium ecotoxicity on the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Chemosphere 2016; 145: 480-486.##46. Zhou CF, Wang YJ, Li CC, Sun RJ, Yu YC, Zhou DM. Subacute toxicity of copper and glyphosate and their interaction to earthworm (Eisenia fetida). Environ Pollut 2013; 180: 71-77.## ##

تعیین ساختار ژنتیکی مایکوباکتریوم توبرکلوزیس به روش MIRU- VNTR 15 loci Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Genotyping Using MIRU-VNTR Typing 1 1 سابقه و هدف: سل یکی از علل اصلی مرگ و میر ناشی از بیماری‌های عفونی در جهان است. در ایران، بر اساس آمار سازمان بهداشت جهانی (WHO)، میزان بروز سل 21 نفر در هر یکصد هزار نفر در سال 2015 گزارش شده است. مطالعه حاضر به منظور بررسی تنوع ژنتیکی و نحوی انتقال مایکوباکتریوم توبرکلوزیس در شهر تهران، طراحی گردید. مواد و روش‌ها: تعداد 80 ایزوله مایکوباکتریوم توبرکلوزیس از بیماران مبتلا به سل مراجعه کننده به یکی بیمارستان‌های آموزشی شهر تهران، از بهمن 1393 تا دی 1395 جدا شد. از روش استاندارد MIRU-VNTR برای ژنوتایپینگ ایزوله‌های جدا شده استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: تعداد 78 پروفایل مختلف VNTR شامل 2 کلاستر و 76 الگوی منحصر به فرد به‌دست آمد. میزان شاخص HGDI برابر با 990/0 و نشان دهنده قدرت بالای افتراق روش MIRU-VNTR بود. لوکوس‌های QUB26 و MTUB21 به عنوان لوکوس های با قدرت افتراق بالا شناخته شدند. استنتاج: تنوع ژنتیکی بالا در میان ایزوله های مایکوباکتریوم توبرکلوزیس بیانگر آن است که انتقال این ایزوله ها ممکن است از منابع مختلف رخ داده باشد. 2 Background and purpose: Tuberculosis is among the leading causes of death from infectious diseases in the world. According to World Health Organization (WHO), the estimated rate of TB in Iran was 21 per 100,000 populations in 2015. The present study was designed to evaluate the genetic diversity and transmission dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Tehran, Iran. Materials and methods: A total of 80 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured from TB patients attending a teaching hospital in Tehran, Iran from January 2015 to December 2016. Standard 15-locus Mycobacterial Interspersed Repeat Units/Variable Numbers of Tandem Repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing was applied to genotype clinical isolates. Results: There were 78 different VNTR profiles comprising 2 clusters and 76 unique patterns. The Hunter – Gaston discriminatory index (HGDI) was 0.990, indicating a high power of discrimination for MIRU-VNTR typing. The QUB26 and MTUB21 loci were designated as highly discriminative. Conclusion: The high genetic diversity among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates suggests that transmission may have been caused by different sources. 40 48 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/222017/01/9 1395/10/20 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/172017/05/8 1396/2/18 طاهر عظیمی Taher Azimi دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد میکروب شناسی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران عارف شریعتی Aref Shariati دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد میکروب شناسی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران فاطمه فلاح Fatemeh Fallah استاد، گروه میکروب شناسی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران عباسعلی ایمانی فولادی Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi استاد، مرکز تحقیقات میکروب شناسی کاربردی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله، تهران، ایران ایران علی هاشمی Ali Hashemi استادیار گروه میکروب شناسی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران حسین گودرزی Hossein Goudarzi استاد، گروه میکروب شناسی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران محمد جواد نصیری Mohammad Javad Nasiri استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات بیماریهای عفونی و گرمسیری، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران mj.nasiri@hotmail.com Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping MIRU-VNTR Tehran Iran مایکوباکتریوم توبرکلوزیس ژنوتایپینگ MIRU-VNTR تهران ایران 1. Mbugi EV, Katale BZ, Siame KK, Keyyu JD, Kendall SL, Dockrell HM, et al. Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from tuberculosis patients in the Serengeti ecosystem in Tanzania. Tuberculosis. 2015; 95(2): 170-178.##2. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Tuberculosis Report. 20th ed . 2015. 2015.##3. World Helth Organization: Western Pacific Region. Regional Strategy to stop tubercolosis in the western pacific (2011–2015). 2010.##4. Organization, W.H., Global tuberculosis report 2015. 2015. 2.##5. Zamani S, Haeili M, Nasiri MJ , Imani Fooladi AA, Javadpour S, Feizabadi MM. Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Hormozgan province of Iran based on 15 locus MIRU-VNTR and spoligotyping. Internatiomal Journal of Bacteriology. 2016; (2016). (persian).##6. Feyisa SG, Haeili M, Zahednamazi F, Mosavari N, Taheri MM, Hamzehloo G, et al. Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Tehran, Iran by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and spoligotyping. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2016; 49(2):204-410.##7. Singh M, Mynak M, Kumar L, Mathew JL, Jindal SK. Prevalence and risk factors for transmission of infection among children in household contact with adults having pulmonary tuberculosis. Arch Dis Child. 2005; 90(6): 624-628.##8. Farnia P, Mohammadi F, Masjedi MR, Varnerot A, Zarifi AZ, Tabatabee J, et al. Evaluation of tuberculosis transmission in Tehran: using RFLP and spoloigotyping methods. Journal of Infection. 2004; 49(2): 94-101.(persian).##9. Mozafari M, Farnia P, Afraei M, Derakhshani-Nezhad Z, Masjedi MR, Velayati AA. Molecular diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains indifferent provinces of Iran. Iran J Microbiol. 2013;5(4):366-373.(persian).##10. Haeili M, Darban‐Sarokhalil D, Fooladi AAI, Javadpour S, Hashemi A, Siavoshi F, et al. Spoligotyping and drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from five provinces of Iran. Microbiologyopen. 2013;2(6):988-996.##11. Barnes PF, Cave MD. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis. New Engl J Med. 2003; 349(12): 1149-1156.##12. Van Soolingen D, Kremer K, Vynycky E. New perspectives in the molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis. Mycobacteria and TB.Vol 2: Karger Publishers; 2004. pp. 17-45.##13. Zamani S, Haeili M, Nasiri MJ, Imani Fooladi AA, Javadpour S, Feizabadi MM. Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Hormozgan Province of Iran Based on 15-Locus MIRU-VNTR and Spoligotyping. Inte J Bacteriol. 2016; 2016: 7146470.##14. Kato-Maeda M, Small PM. How molecular epidemiology has changed what we know about tuberculosis. West J Med. 2000; 172(4):256-259.##15. Easterbrook PJ, Gibson A, Murad S, Lamprecht D, Ives N, Ferguson A, et al. High rates of clustering of strains causing tuberculosis in Harare, Zimbabwe: a molecular epidemiological study. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(10): 4536-4544.##16. Pourostadi M, Rashedi J, Poor BM, Kafil HS, Shirazi S, Asgharzadeh M. Molecular Diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains in Northwestern Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2016;9(9): e35520. (persian).##17. Sougakoff W. Molecular epidemiology of multidrug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011; 17(6):800-805.##18. McEvoy CR, van Pittius NCG, Victor TC, van Helden PD, Warren RM. The role of IS6110 in the evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2007; 87(5): 393-404.##19. Sun Y-J, Bellamy R, Lee AS, Ng ST, Ravindran S, Wong S-Y, et al. Use of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem repeat typing to examine genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Singapore. J Clin Microbiol. 2004; 42(5): 1986-1993.##20. Teixeira Dantas NG, Suffys PN, Carvalho WS, Gomes HM, de Almeida IN, de Assis LJ, et al. Genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2015; 15(1):306.##21. Skuce RA, McCorry TP, McCarroll JF, Roring SM, Scott AN, Brittain D, et al. Discrimination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria using novel VNTR-PCR targets. Microbiology. 2002; 148(pt 2): 519-528.##22. Mazars E, Lesjean S, Banuls AL, Gilbert M, Vincent V, Gicquel B, et al. High-resolution minisatellite-based typing as a portable approach to global analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis molecular epidemiology. Proc NatI Acad Sciences USA. 2001; 98(4): 1901-1906.##23. Supply P. Multilocus variable number tandem repeat genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Technical Guide.Institue de Biologie, 2005.##24. Asgharzadeh M, Kafil HS, Roudsary AA, Hanifi GR. Tuberculosis transmission in Northwest of Iran: using MIRU-VNTR, ETR-VNTR and IS6110-RFLP methods. Infect Genet Evol. 2011; 11(1):124-131.##25. Lu W, Lu B, Liu Q, Dong H, Shao Y, Jiang Y, et al. Genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in rural China: using MIRU-VNTR and spoligotyping methods. Scand J Infect Dis. 2014;46(2):98-106.##26. Tazi L, El Baghdadi J, Lesjean S, Locht C, Supply P, Tibayrenc M, et al. Genetic diversity and population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Casablanca, a Moroccan city with high incidence of tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2004; 42(1): 461-466.## ##

بررسی اثرات متیل ترشیو بوتیل اتر (MTBE)، برخیپارامترهای خون و کبد Effect of Methyl Tertiary-butyl on Blood Parameters and Liver Tissue in NMRI Albino Female Mice 1 1 سابقه و هدف: متیل ترشیو بوتیل اتر (MTBE) ترکیب آلی فراری است که به جای تترااتیل سرب، جهت بهبود سوخت بنزین استفاده می‌شود.این ماده به روش‎های مختلف، جذب خون شده و آثار سمی بر جای می‌گذارد. در این پژوهش، سعی شد تا اثرات تزریقی آن بر فاکتورهای خونی و بافت کبد مورد مطالعه قرار گیرد. مواد و روش‌ها: 45 موش ماده بالغ نژاد Albino NMRI در سه گروه شاهد، گروه تیمار A، هر روز یک نوبت به میزان MTBE cc 4/0 (MTBE cc 06/0 cc + 04/0 آب مقطر) با عیار mg/kg 1600 وزن موش، گروه تیمار B با شرایط مشابه (cc 1/0 سرم فیزیولوژی نیز دریافت کردند) قرار گرفتند. پس از وزن‌کشی، بیهوشی و خون‌گیری، پارامترهای مورد نظر بافت کبد و خون، با نرم‌افزار موتیک اندازه‎گیری شد و مطالعات ماکروسکوپی و میکروسکوپی به‌وسیله لام‌های تهیه‌شده، صورت گرفت. یافته‌ها: افزایش میانگین تعداد گلبو‌‌ل‌های قرمز، هماتوکریت و چگالی پلاسما، بدون بالارفتن هموگلوبین در گروه، نشان از اثرات سمی این ماده داشت. در گروهA ، پرخونی و التهاب پارانشیم کبدی با افزایش میانگین قطر ورید مرکز لوبولی، بین لوبولی و سینوزوئیدها قابل‌اهمیت بود. میانگین اندازه هسته به سلول کاهش و تعداد سلول‌های دوهسته‌ای نسبت به تک‌هسته‌ای هپاتوسیت‌ها افزایش یافت، در اکثر موارد تفاوت گروه A و B و شاهد با A معنی‌دار بود (05/0 >P). استنتاج: معنی‌داری رابطه‌ها نشان داد که تغییرات پارامترهای خونی و بافت کبد ناشی از اثرات سمی MTBE بوده و همراهی سرم فیزیولوژی در گروه آزمایشی B، این تغییرات را کاهش داد؛ بنابراین، باید از ترکیبات جایگزین و کم‌خطری برای بهبود سوخت بنزین استفاده شود. 2 Background and purpose: Methyl tertiary-butyl (MTBE) is an organic volatile compound that is used to improve gasoline as the replacement of tetraethyl lead. This compound can be absorbed into the blood in different ways and leave toxic effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of MTBE on blood parameters and liver tissue in NMRI albino female mice. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in 45 mature NMRI albino mice, which were placed into three groups, including two experimental groups (groups A and B) and a control group. Group A received 0.4 cc of MTBE (0.06 cc of MTBE and 0.04 cc of distilled water) at graded dose of 1600 mg/kg body weight once a day. Group B received the same compound along with 0.1 cc of physiological serum. After weighing and anesthetizing the mice, their blood samples were collected. Then, the liver and blood parameters were measured by MOTIC software as well as macroscopic and microscopic observations, using slides. Results: The number of red blood cells, hematocrit, and plasma density elevated in group A, but hemoglobin level showed no increase, which indicate the toxic effects of this substance. In group A, hyperemia and liver inflammation were considerably associated with the increase in the diameter of lobular and interlobular central veins as well as sinusoids. The mean ratio of nucleus to cell size decreased; on the other hand, compared to mononuclear cells, the number of binuclear hepatocytes raised. There were statistically significant differences between the two experimental groups and between the control group and group A in most cases (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to our findings, the variations in blood parameters and liver tissue were due to the toxic effects of MTBE. As indicated, the use of physiological serum in group B reduced these changes. Hence, alternative compounds with lower risk should be used to improve gasoline. 49 62 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/222017/01/92016/07/13 1395/4/23 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/172017/05/82016/11/7 1395/8/17 کبری زارع Kobra Zare دکتری فیزیولوژی جانوری، دانشگاه علوم و تحقیقات تهران، تهران، ایران ایران نسیم نعیمی Nasim Naeimi مربی، گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران ایران naeimi@science.usb.ac.ir liver blood parameters mice Methyl tertiary-butyl بافت کبد پارامترهای خونی موش MTBE 1. Amberg A, Rosner E, Dekant W. Toxicokinetics of methyl tert-butyl ether and its metabolites in humans after oral exposure.Toxicol Sci 2001; 61(1):62-67.##2. Yu XZ, Gu JD. Uptake, metabolism, and toxicity of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in weeping willows. J Hazard Mater. 2006; 137(3):1417–1423.##3. Vainiotalo S, Kuusimäki L, Pekari K. Exposure to MTBE, tame and aromatic hydrocarbons during gasoline pump maintenance, repair and inspection. J Occup Health 2006 ; 48(5):347–357##4. Lewis RJ. Methyl -tert-butyl ether (MTBE). In: Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary. 12th ed. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co1993; 760.##5. Guillard Ch, Charton N ,Pichat P. Degradation mechanism of MTBE in atmospheric droplets. Chemosphere.2003; 53(5): 469-477.##6. Deeb RA, Scow KM, Alvarez-Cohen L. Aerobic MTBE Biodegradation: An Examination of Past Studies, Current Challenges, and Future Research directions. Biodegradation.2000; 11(2-3):171-186##7. Sgambato A, Iavicoli I, De Paola B, Bianchino G, Boninsegna A, Bergamaschi A, et al.Differential toxic effects of methyl tertiary butyl ether and tert-butanol on rat fibroblasts in vitro. Toxicol Ind Health. 2009; 25(2):141–151##8. Prah J, Ashley D, Blount B, Case M, Leavens T, Pleil J,etal. Dermal, oral, and inhalation pharmacokinetics of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in human volunteers. Toxicol Sci.2004 ;77(2):195-205##9. De Peyster A, Rodriguez Y, Shuto R, Goldberg B, Gonzales F, Pu X, etal. Effect of oral methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) on the male mouse reproductive tract and oxidative stress in liver. Reprod Toxicol.2008; 26(3):246–253##10. Poulopoulos S, Philippopoulos CJ. MTBE, methane, ethylene and regulated exhaust emission from vehicles with deactivated catalytic converters. Atmosphoric Enviroment 2004; 38(27): 4495 – 4500##11. Werner I, Koger CS, Deanovic LA, Hinton DE. Toxicity of methyl-tert-butyl ether to freshwater organisms.Environ Pollut 2001;111(1):83-88.##12. McKee RH, McKee RH, Vergnes JS, Galvin JB, Douglas JF, Kneiss JJ, Andrews LS. Assessment of the in vivo mutagenic potential of methyl tertiary butyl ether. J Appl Toxicol. 1997;17(S1): 31–36.##13. Prah J , Ashley D, Blount B, Case M, Leavens T, Pleil J,etal. Dermal, oral, and inhalation pharmacokinetics of methyl tertiarybutyl ether (MTBE) in human volunteers. Toxicol Sci.2004; 77(2): 195–205.##14. De Peyster A. MacLean KJ, Stephens BA, Ahern LD, Westover CM, Rozenshteyn D. Subchronic studies in Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate mechanisms of MTBE-induced Leydig cell cancer. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(1): 31–42. ##15. Murray R K.Harper’s Biochemistry.25thed. New York, Appleton & Lange. 2000##16. Junquira L C, Carneiro J, Kelley R O.Basic Histology. New York. Appleton & Lange. 2002 ##17. Martini F. Fundamental of Anatomy and Physiology.5thed.London. Prentice-Hall. 2001.##18. Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Shattil Jr. Hematology: Basic Principle and Practice. New York.Churchill Livingstone.1991.##19. Thibodeau G A, Patton K T.Anthony’ s Text Book of Anatomy and Physiology. 17thed Missouri.Mosby.2003.##20. 20-Ganong W F. Review of Medical Phisiology.15thed New York. Appleton and Lange. 1991.##21. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Niosh Manual of analytical methods, 2th ed. Ohio. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1999.##22. Marion N, Gleason D, Robert E, Harold C. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products- acute poisoning (home and farm). Baltimore. Williams and Wilkins Co. 1957.##23. Suckow M A, Danneman P, Brayton C. The Laboratory Mouse. London.CRCPress. 2001 ##24. Mjos K. Cyclic amines. In: Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. Grayson M, Eckroth D. 3th ed. New York, John Wiley and Sons.1997. pp: 295-308.##25. Rojhan M S. Human Basic Histology. Teheran. Chehr Publisher. 2010.##26. Bergman R A, Afifi A K. Saunders Text and Review Series of Histology. Philadelphia. Saunders Co.1996.##27. Swaen GMH, Amelsvoort LV, Twisk JJ, Verstraeten E, Slootweg R, Coolins JJ, etal. Low level occupational benzene exposure and hematological parameters. Chem Biol Interact. 2010 ;184(1-2): 94–100.##28. Xue-sheng W, Nan L, Wei-jun G, Shu-lan P,BAI Yu-ping, Guo-hui X,etal. Effect of Short-term Benzene Exposure on Peripheral Blood and Chromosomal Damage among Workers. J Occup Env Med. 2010;27(8): 464-467.##29. Liu CS, Tsai JH, Kuo SW. Comparison of complete blood counts and urinary benzene metabolites after exposure to benzene. Mid Taiwan J Med.2000; 5: 235-242.##30. Hafezi M.Toxic effect of methyl tertiary-butyl ether on the lung tissue and blood cells and liver of mice. Conference Regional on Applied Studies in Fisheries and Environment. Kermanshah.University of Azad Kermanshah. 2011.##31. Backer W S, Katoua HA.Asessement of the impact of methyl tertiary-butyl(MTBE) contaminated drinking water on the blood hematology, Bulletin of pure and applied science.2006;25(2): 234-242.##32. Dodd D, Willson G, Parkinson H, Bermudez E. Two-year drinking water carcinogenicity study of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) in Wistar rats. J Appl Toxicol. 2013;33(7):593-606.##33. Hong JY, Yang CS, Lee M, Wang YY, Huang WQ, Tan Y, etal. Role of cytochromes P450 in the metabolism of methyl tert-butyl ether in human livers. Arch Toxicol. 1997;71(4):266-269.##34. Bern R M ,Levy M N. Principles of Physiology.3thed. Philadelphia.Mosby, 2000.##35. Pourahmad J, Eskandari MR, Alavian G, Shaki F. Lysosomal membrane leakiness and metabolic biomethylation play key roles in methyl tertiary butyl ether-induced toxicity and detoxification. Toxicol Environ Chem.2012 ;94(2):281–293.##36. de Peyster A, Mihaich E, Kim DH, Elyea WA, Nemec MJ, Hirakawa BP. Responses of the steroidogenic pathway from exposure to methyl- tert-butyl ether and tertbutanol. Toxicology.2014 ;319: 23-37.##37. Li D, Yuan C, Gong Y, Huang Y, Han X. The effects of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) on the male rat reproductive system. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008; 46(7): 2402-2408.##38. Grant KA, Samson HH. Ethanol and tertiary butanol induced microcephaly in the neonatal rat: Comparison of brain growth parameters. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 1982 ; 4(3): 315-321.##39. Li D, Yin D, Han X. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in isolated rat spermatogenic cells. J Appl Toxicol.2007; 27(1):10–17.##40. Benson J ,Tibbetts B, Barr E. The uptake ‚ Distribution ‚ Metabolism ‚ and Excretion of Methyl Tertiary – Butyl Ether Inhaled Alone and in Combination with Gasoline Vapor. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2003 ; 66(11): 1029 – 1052.##41. Li D, Yuan C, Gong Y, Huang Y, Han X. The effects of methyl tert-butylether (MTBE) on the male rat reproductive system. Food Chem Toxicol.2008 ; 46(7): 2402–2408.##42. Sørensen M, Skov H, Autrup H, Hertel O, Loft S. Urban benzene exposure and oxidative DNA damage: influence of genetic polymorphisms in metabolism genes. Sci Total Environ. 2003; 309(1-3): 69–80.##43. Li D, Liu Q, Gong Y, Huang Y, Han X. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress study in cultured rat Sertoli cells with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) exposure. Reprod Toxicol.2009 ;27(2):170–176.##44. Nihlen A, Lof A, Johanson G. Experimental exposure to methyl tertiary-butyl ether I. Toxicokinetics in humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1998; 148(2): 274-280.##45. WHO, IARC. Formaldehyde. In: International Agency for Research on Cancer monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: wood dust and formaldehyde. Lyon, IARC, WHO. 1995; P: 217-362.## ##

ارزیابی ارتباط بین خواص آنتی‌اکسیدانی و خاصیت ضد میکروبی عصاره‌های 9 گیاه دارویی Correlation between Antioxidant Activity and Antibacterial Activity of Nine Medicinal Plant Extracts 1 1 سابقه و هدف: اندازه‌گیری میزان مهار رادیکال‌های آزاد DPPH از روش‌های معتبر، دقیق، آسان و مقرون‌به‌صرفه با قابلیت تکرارپذیری بالا در بررسی فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی عصاره‌های گیاهی در شرایط آزمایشگاهی بوده و گزارش‌شده که فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی با خاصیت ضد میکروبی همبستگی مثبتی دارد لذا هدف از مطالعه حاضر ارزیابی ارتباط بین خواص آنتی‌اکسیدانی و خاصیت ضد میکروبی عصاره‌های گیاهان دارویی است. مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه، بعد از تهیه عصاره‌ها، برای تعیین فعالیت به دام اندازی رادیکال آزاد، از دی فنیل پیکریل هیدرازیل استفاده شد و سپس اثرات ضد میکروبی عصاره‌های هیدرو الکلی بر باکتری ها با روش انتشار در محیط کشت مولر هینتون آگار با استفاده از دیسک‌های کاغذی 6 میلی‌متری منطبق بر دستورالعمل Bauer و Kirby بررسی شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج حاصل از ارزیابی میزان توانایی به دام اندازی رادیکال‌های آزاد عصاره هیدرو الکلی گیاهان دارویی مورد استفاده نشان داد که، عصاره مورد و سپس رزماری به ترتیب با میانگین 583/89 و 921/80 میکروگرم در میلی‌لیتر بیش‌ترین نقش را در مهار رادیکال‌های آزاد داشته‌اند. با افزایش غلظت، فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی عصاره‌ها بیش‌تر شده است. ضمناً در غلظت‌های پایین عصاره (16 و 32 میکروگرم در میلی‌لیتر) بیش‌ترین فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی مربوط به عصاره مورد و سپس رزماری بود اما در غلظت بالا (64 میکروگرم در میلی‌لیتر) بیش‌ترین فعالیت متعلق به عصاره کلپوره همدانی بود. عصاره رزماری مؤثرترین عصاره بر باکتری اشریشیاکلی، عصاره مورد مؤثرترین عصاره بر باکتری لستریا مونوسیتوژنز، سالمونلا تیفی موریوم، استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس بودند. استنتاج: نتایج نشان داد گیاهانی که دارای خاصیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی بالایی هستند خاصیت ضد میکروبی بالایی نیز دارند به‌طوری‌ که عصاره مورد و سپس رزماری که دارای بالاترین میزان خاصیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی بوده اند، مؤثرترین عصاره‌ها بر باکتری‌های مورد آزمایش بودند. 2 Background and purpose: Measurement of DPPH free radical scavenging is a valid, accurate, and easy method with high repeatability in evaluating the in vitro antioxidant activity of plant extracts. A positive correlation is reported between antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of medicinal plant extracts. Materials and methods: The extracts were prepared and DPPH was used to determine free radical-scavenging activity. Antimicrobial effects of hydro-ethanol extract on the bacteria was surveyed using diffusion method in a culture medium Mueller-Hinton agar by paper discs (6 mm) based on Bauer and Kirby instructions. Results: The ability of medicinal plant extracts in scavenging free radicals was found to be higher in the extracts of Myrtus (89.583 µg/mL) and rosemary (80.921 µg/mL). The antioxidant activity of the extracts increased by increase in concentration of the extract. Meanwhile, in low concentrations of the extract (16 and 32 µg/mL) the highest antioxidant activity of the extract was found in Myrtus and then Rosemary, but at high concentrations (64 µg/mL) it was seen in Teucrium polium extract. Rosemary extract was found to be effective against Escherichia coli and Myrtus extract was the most effective on Listeria bacteria, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: The results showed that plants with high antioxidant properties have high antimicrobial activity too, such as the extract of Myrtus and rosemary that were the most effective extracts on bacteria. 63 78 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/222017/01/92016/07/132016/11/15 1395/8/25 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/172017/05/82016/11/72017/04/4 1396/1/15 بهمن فاضلی نسب عضو هیئت‌علمی پژوهشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زابل پژوهشکده زیست‌فناوری کشاورزی دانشگاه زابل ایران Bfazeli@uoz.ac.ir محمد رهنما دانشیار دانشکده دامپزشکی دانشگاه زابل ایران ایوب مزارعی دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گیاهان دارویی دانشگاه زابل ایران plant extract antioxidant antibacterial DPPH عصاره آنتی‌اکسیدان ضد میکروبی دی فنیل پیکریل هیدرازیل 1. Todd EC. Preliminary estimates of costs of foodborne disease in Canada and costs to reduce salmonellosis. J Food Prot 1989; 52(8): 586-594.##2. Pinto RJ, Marques PA, Neto CP, Trindade T, Daina S, Sadocco P. Antibacterial activity of nanocomposites of silver and bacterial or vegetable cellulosic fibers. Acta Biomater. 2009; 5(6): 2279-2289.##3. Mosaddegh M, Naghibi F. Iranian traditional medicine, past and present in traditional medicine and materia medica. Tehran: TMRC Pub 2002: 2-20.##4. Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils–a review. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008; 46(2): 446-475.##5. Negi PS. Plant extracts for the control of bacterial growth: Efficacy, stability and safety issues for food application. Int J Food Microbiol. 2012; 156(1): 7-17.##6. Kwok C-Y, Wong CN-Y, Yau MY-C, Yu PH-F, Au ALS, Poon CC-W, etal. Consumption of dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida (hawthorn) suppresses high-cholesterol diet- induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. J Funct Foods 2010; 2(3): 179-186.##7. Dai J, Mumper RJ. Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules 2010; 15(10): 7313-7352.##8. Mozdastan S, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Khalili M. Comparing the Impact of Different Extraction Methods on Antioxidant Activities of Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2015; 25(127): 10-24.##9. Valizadeh J, Bagheri A, Valizadeh J, Mirjalili MH. Phytochemical Investigation of Withania Coagulans (Stocks) Dunal In Natural Habits Of Sistan and Balochestan ProvinceOf Iran. Iranian Journal Of Medical and Aromatics Plants 2015; 31(3): 406-417.##10. Sharma R, Samant S, Sharma P, Devi S. Evaluation of antioxidant activities of Withania somnifera leaves growing in natural habitats of North-west Himalaya, India. J Med Plant Res .2012; 6(5): 657-661.##11. Kumar S, Pandey AK. Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. Scientific World J.2013; 2013.##12. Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Stohs SJ, Das DK, Ray SD, Kuszynski CA, etal. Free radicals and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract: importance in human health and disease prevention. Toxicology 2000; 148 (2-3): 187-197.##13. Jafari R, Manochehri Kalantari K, Ahmadi Mousavi A. Effect of paclobutrazol on accumulation of antioxidants in tomato seedlings under cold stress. Iranian Journal of Biology 2007; 20(3): 206-216.##14. Chen Y, Zhang M, Chen T, Zhang Y, An L. The relationship between seasonal changes in anti-oxidative system and freezing tolerance in the leaves of evergreen woody plants of Sabina. Soil Biology and Biochemistry .2006; 72(2): 272-279.##15. Wach A, Pyrzyńska K, Biesaga M. Quercetin content in some food and herbal samples. Food Chem. 2007; 100(2): 699-704.##16. Fooladvand Z, Fazeli-nasab B. Antibacterial activities of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. extract against eight bacteria. Journal of Herbal Drugs (JHD). 2014; 5(1): 13-18.##17. Burt S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. Int J Food Microbiol. 2004; 94(3): 223-253.##18. Holley RA, Patel D. Improvement in shelf-life and safety of perishable foods by plant essential oils and smoke antimicrobials. Food Microbiol. 2005; 22(4): 273-292.##19. Shapoori R, Rhnama M, Eghbal-Zadeh S. Study of Salmonella serotypes in chicken meat and egg, and determine the antibiotic susceptibility in Zanjan. Journal of Biological Science 2009; 2(6): 63-71.##20. Kotze M, Eloff J, Houghton P. Extraction of antibacterial compounds from Combretum microphyllum (Combretaceae). S Afr J Bot .2002; 68(1): 62-67.##21. Najjafi-moemen R. To investigate the antimicrobial activity of four medicinal plants of the bacterium E. coli colibacillosis poultry. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center in Qom. 2004; 2: 1-15.##22. Sangclic O. Sensitivity of four pathogenic bacteria to Turkish thyme and oregano hydrosols. Food Sci Technol. 2003; 36(5): 467-473.##23. Al-saimary LE, Bakr SS, Jaffar T, Al-saimary AE, Al-Muosawi R. Effect of some plant extracts and antibiotics on Psendo minas aeruginosa isolated from various burn cases. Saudi Med J 2002; 23(7): 802-805.##24. Vahidi H, Kamalinejad M, Sedaghati N. Antimicrobial properties of Croccus sativus L. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2002;1(1): 33-35.##25. Tayel AA, El Tras WF. Possibility of fighting food borne bacteria by egyptian folk medicinal herbs and spices extracts. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2009; 84(1-2): 21-32.##26. Larrán S, Ringuelet JA, Carranza MR, Henning CP, Ré MS, Cerimele EL, Urrutía MI. In vitro fungistatic effect of essential oils against Ascosphaera apis. J Essent Oil Res. 2001; 13(2): 122-124.##27. Sökmen A, Sökmen M, Daferera D, Polissiou M, Candan F, Ünlü M, etal. The in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Achillea biebersteini Afan.(Asteraceae). Phytother Res. 2004; 18(6): 451-456.##28. Ebrahimzadeh MA, Hosseinimehr SJ, Hamidinia A, Jafari M. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Feijoa sallowiana fruits peel and leaves. Pharmacology online 2008; 1: 7-14.##29. Chang C-C, Yang M-H, Wen H-M, Chern J-C. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Food and Drug Analysis;2002; 10(3): 178-182.##30. Meda A, Lamien CE, Romito M, Millogo J, Nacoulma OG. Determination of the total phenolic, flavonoid and proline contents in Burkina Fasan honey, as well as their radical scavenging activity. Food Chem .2005; 91(3): 571-577.##31. Abubakar LA, Mwangi CM, Uku JU, Ndirangu SN. Antimicrobial activity of various extracts of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Echinoidea). Afr J Pharmacol Ther. 2012; 1(1):19-23##32. Bauer A, Kirby W, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol. 1966; 45(4): 493 -496##33. Jahan N, Khatoon R, Shahzad A, Shahid M, Ahmad S. Comparison of antibacterial activity of parent plant of Tylophora indica Merr. with its in vitro raised plant and leaf callus. Afr J Biotechnol 2013; 12(31): 4891-4896.##34. Ghasemi K, Ghasemi Y, Ebrahimzadeh MA. Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of 13 citrus species peels and tissues. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2009; 22(3): 277-281.##35. Jang HD, Chang KS, Chang TC, Hsu CL. Antioxidant potentials of buntan pumelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) and its ethanolic and acetified fermentation products. Food Chem 2010; 118(3): 554-558.##36. Gorinstein S, Martı́n-Belloso O, Park YS, Haruenkit R, Lojek A, Ĉı́ž M, etal. Comparison of some biochemical characteristics of different citrus fruits. Food Chem 2001; 74(3): 309-315.##37. Fatahi moghadam J, Hamid oghli Y, Fotohi ghazvini R, Ghasemnezjad M, Bakhshi D. Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of the Peel of Different Commercial Citrus Species. Journal of Horticultural Science. 2011; 25(2): 211-217 (Persian).##38. Hemmati N, Ghasemnezhad A, Fatahi Moghadam J, Ebrahimi P. The Role of Rootstock in Antioxidant Activity of Citrus Fruit: Comparison of Antioxidant Activity of The Fruits of Two Commercial Citrus Varieties With The Fruits of Four Different Rootstocks. Journal of Horticultural Science 2015; 29(2): 277-286.##39. Rehman ZU. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of methanolic extract from peanut hulls in fried potato chips. Plant Foods Hum Nutr.2003; 58(1): 75-83.##40. Salvagnini LE, Oliveira JRS, Santos LEd, Moreira RRD, Pietro RCL. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Myrtus communis L.(Myrtaceae) leaves. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2008; 18(2): 241-244.##41. Alem G, Mekonnen Y, Tiruneh M, Mulu A. Invitro antibacterial activity of crude preparation of myrtle (Myrtus communis) on common human pathogens. Ethiop Med J. 2008; 46(1): 63-69.##42. Amensour M, Bouhdid S, Fernandez-Lopez J, Idaomar M, Senhaji NS, Abrini J. Antibacterial activity of extracts of Myrtus communis against food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Int J Food Prop .2010; 13(6): 1215-1224.##43. GhasemiPirbalouti A, Jahanbazi P, Enteshari S, Malekpoor F, Hamedi B. Antimicrobial activity of some Iranian medicinal plants. Archives of Biological Sciences. 2010; 62(3): 633-641.##44. Gandomi Nasrabadi H, Azami Sarokelaei L, Misaghi A, Abbaszadeh S, Shariatifar N, Tayyar Hashtjin N. Antibacterial effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts from petal of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on some foodborne bacterial pathogens. JMP. 2012; 2(42): 189-196.##45. Razzaghi R, Nourbakhsh R, Hemmati Kakhaki A, Saberi Najafi M. Antimicrobial effect of saffron. Proceedings of 3rd National Symposium on Saffron. 2014 Nov 12; Mashhad,Iran##46. Tsai PJ, Tsai TH, Ho SC. In vitro inhibitory effects of rosemary extracts on growth and glucosyltransferase activity of Streptococcus sobrinus. Food Chem. 2007; 105(1): 311-316.##47. Seydim A, Sarikus G. Antimicrobial activity of whey protein based edible films incorporated with oregano, rosemary and garlic essential oils. Food Res Int 2006; 39(5): 639-644.##48. Fu Y, Zu Y, Chen L, Shi X, Wang Z, Sun S, etal. Antimicrobial activity of clove and rosemary essential oils alone and in combination. Phytother Res. 2007; 21(10): 989-994.##49. Nemeth E, Bernath J. Biological activities of yarrow species (Achillea spp.). Curr Pharm Des. 2008; 14(29): 3151-3167.##50. Firouzi R, Shekarforoush SS, Malekzadeh M, Borumand Z, Jooyandeh AR. Effect of essential oils of oregano and nutmeg on growth and survival of Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes barbecued chicken. J Food Prot. 2007; 70(11): 2626-2630.##51. Lee SE, Hwang HJ, Ha J-S, Jeong H-S, Kim JH. Screening of medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant activity. Life Sci. 2003; 73(2): 167-179.##52. Singh S, Singh R. In vitro methods of assay of antioxidants: an overview. Food Rev Int. 2008; 24(4): 392-415.##53. Amzad Hossain M, Shah MD. A study on the total phenols content and antioxidant activity of essential oil and different solvent extracts of endemic plant Merremia borneensis. Arab J Chem. 2015; 8(1): 66-71.##54. Mirzaei A, Mohammadi J, Mirzaei N, Mirzaei M. The Antioxidant Capacities and Total Phenolic Contents of Some Medicinal Plants in Iran. J Fasa Univ Med Sci .2011; 1(3): 160-167 .(persian)##55. Abolfazli R, Nazarnezhad N, Ebrahimzadeh MA. Evaluation of the Antioxidant Capacities and Total Phenolic Contents of Beech, Hornbeam and Poplar Barks. Journal of the Forest and Wood Products. 2013; 66(3): 339-342. .(persian)##56. Baba SA, Malik SA. Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of a root extract of Arisaema jacquemontii Blume. J Taibah Univ Sci. 2015; 9(4): 449-454.##57. Rakić S, Petrović S, Kukić J, Jadranin M, Tešević V, Povrenović D, etal. Influence of thermal treatment on phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of oak acorns from Serbia. Food Chem. 2007; 104(2): 830-834.##58. Medini F, Fellah H, Ksouri R, Abdelly C. Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of organic extracts of shoots of the plant Limonium delicatulum. J Taibah Univ Sci. 2014; 8(3): 216-224.##59. Nayebzadeh K, Alizadeh L, Shahini R. Antioxidant effect of rosemary and ferulago extracts and synthetic TBHQ on oil oxidation during deep-frying. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology .2014; 8(4): 135-143 .##60. Mirzaei A, Akbartabartori M, Sadeghi H, Sharifi B. The evaluation of total phenol and antioxidant activity yarrow, wormwood and chamomile. Armaghane Danesh 2010; 15(3): 243-252 .##61. Zangiabadi M, Sahari MA, Barzegar M, Naghdi- Badi H. Zataria multiflora and Bunium persicum essential oils as two natural antioxidants. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2012; 11(41): 8-21.##62. Van Acker SA, Tromp MN, Griffioen DH, Van Bennekom WP, Van Der Vijgh WJ, Bast A. Structural aspects of antioxidant activity of flavonoids. Free Radic Biol Med. 1996; 20(3): 331-342.## ##

بررسی مقاومت آنتی بیوتیکی و شیوع ژن های بتالاکتامازی کلبسیلا پنومونیه در بیمارستان های آموزشی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران 1393 Prevalence of Beta-lactamases Genes and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Teaching Hospitals, Sari, Iran, 2014 1 1 سابقه و هدف: کلبسیلا پنومونیه به عنوان پاتوژن فرصت طلب در بروز عفونت‌های بیمارستانی نقش دارد. این باکتری غالباً به چندین کلاس از آنتی بیوتیک ها از جمله خانواده بتالاکتام ها مقاومت دارد. این مطالعه به منظور تعیین الگوی مقاومت آنتی بیوتیکی و شیوع ژن های بتالاکتامازی TEM و CTX در ایزوله های کلبسیلا پنومونیه جدا شده از بیمارستان‌های آموزشی شهرستان ساری انجام گرفته شده است. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه بر روی 45 ایزوله کلبسیلا پنومونیه که از نمونه های بالینی مختلف جمع آوری شده بودند، انجام گرفت. حساسیت ایزوله ها نسبت به آنتی بیوتیک ها با روش انتشار دیسک های استاندارد (کربی – بائر) تعیین شد. برای شناسایی ایزوله های مولد بتالاکتاماز از روش دیسک ترکیبی استفاده شد. برای بررسی وضعیت مقاومت ژن های بتالاکتامازی TEM و CTXاز روش PCR با استفاده از پرایمرهای اختصاصی انجام گرفت. ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ SPSS ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ 16 ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ. ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ 05/0< P ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ. یافته‌ها: نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که بیش‌ترین مقدار مقاومت در برابر آنتی بیوتیک های سفوتاکسیم (100 درصد) و سفتازیدیم (100 درصد) بود، در حالی که جنتامایسین (63 درصد) بیش‌ترین مقدار حساسیت را نشان داد. نتایج حاصل نشان داد که 60 درصد از ایزوله ها، مولد ESBLبودند و فراوانی ژن های TEM و CTX به ترتیب 55 و 45 درصد تعیین گردید. استنتاج: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که میزان مقاومت دارویی در کلبسیلا پنومونیه تنها در 60 درصد از ایزوله‌های دارای CTX و TEM مشاهده شده است که مربوط به ژن های کلاس بتالاکتامازی هستند؛ لذا مکانیسم‌های دیگری هم‌چون افلاکس پمپ‌ها و تشکیل بیوفیلم در ایجاد مقاومت دارویی نقش به سزایی دارند. 2 Background and purpose: : Klebsiella pneumoniae has emerged as a signiﬁcant opportunistic pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections. This bacteria is frequently resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics such as family of beta-lactam antibiotics. β-lactamases enzyme represent the main mechanism of bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of TEM-1and CTX β-lactamases in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from the hospitals in sari, Iran. Materials and methods: The study included 45 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates that were isolated from various clinical specimens. Susceptibility of isolates to antibiotics was determined by standard disk diffusion method. ESBL production was determined by combination disk method. The resistance of TEM and CTX types of ESBL producing genes was identified by PCR test using specific primers. Data analysis was done in SPSS V16 applying Chi-square test. Results: Among all Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, the highest resistance was seen against cefotaxime (100%) and ceftazidim (100%), while the highest susceptibility was observed to gentamycin (63%). According to the results, 60% of isolates were ESBL positive and among them 55% and 45% were positive for blaTEM and blaCTX genes, respectively. Conclusion: : In this study drug resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates was observed in 60% of blaTEM and blaCTX genes, therefore, other mechanisms such as efflux pumps and biofilm formation can have a role in drug resistance. 79 87 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/222017/01/92016/07/132016/11/152016/01/19 1394/10/29 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/172017/05/82016/11/72017/04/42017/06/6 1396/3/16 محمد آهنجان Mohammad Ahanjan دانشیار میکروبشناسی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران ایران ahanjan2007@gmail.com فاطمه نادری Fatemeh Naderi مرکز تحقیقات عفونی با گرایش عفو نت های بیمارستانی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ایران ایران آریا سلیمانی Arya Solimanii دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران ایران Klebsiella pneumonia antimicrobial resistance β-lactamases genes کلبسیلا پنومونیه الگوی آنتی بیوتیکی ژن های بتالاکتاماز 1. AL- Thahab AAL. Molecular Detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta- Lactamases inClinical Isolates of kleseilla. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. 2013; 3(3): 32-39.##2. Al-Zahrani AJ, Akhtar N. Susceptibility Patterns of Extended Spectrum ß-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated in a teaching hospital. Pakistan J Med Res. 2005; 44(2): 64-67.##3. Bush K. New b-Lactamases in Gram-Negative Bacteria: Diversityand Impact on the Selection of Antimicrobial Therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2013; 32(7):1085-1089.##4. Brun-Buisson C, Legrand P, Philippon A, Montravers F, Ansquer M, Duval J. Transferable enzymatic resistance to third generation cephalosporins during nosocomial outbreak of multiresistant Kelbsiella pneumoniae. Lancet. 1987; 2 (8554): 302-306.##5. Celenza G, Pellegrini C, Caccamo M, Segatore B, Amicosante G, Perilli M. Spread of bla(CTX.M-type) and bla(PER-2) beta-lactamase genes in clinical isolates from Bolivian hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006; 57(5): 975-978.##6. Howard CH, Van Daal A, Kelly G, Schooneveldt J, Nimmo G, Giffars PM. Identification and Minisequencing-Based Discrimination of SHV β-Lactamases in Nosocomial Infection-Associated Klebsiella pneumoniae in Brisbane, Australia. ANTIMICROB AGENTS CHEMOTHER. 2002; 46(issue 3): 659–664.##7. Rupp ME, Fey PD. Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase(ESBL)-Producing EnterobacteriaceaeConsiderations for Diagnosis, Prevention and Drug Treatment. Drugs . 2003; 63(4): 353-365.##8. Falagas ME, Karageorgopoulos DE. Extended spectrum b-lactamase-producing Organisms9. J Hosp Infect . 2009.73(4): 345-354.##9. Młynarczyk G1, Młynarczyk A, Bilewska A, Dukaczewska A, Goławski C, Kicman A, et all. Effectiveness of the method with cefpirome in detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in different species of gram-negative bacilli. Med Dosw Mikrobiol. 2006; 58 (1): 59-65.##10. GA Jacoby, AA Mederios. More extended spectrum β-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991; 35(9):1697-1704.##11. JIN H, Xu XM, Mou Y, Liu P. Drug-resistant gene based genotyping for kleseilla in tracing epidemiological events and for clinical treatment within nosocomial settings. Chin Med J (Engl). 2009;122(3):301-306.##12. Ayan M, Durmaz R, Aktas E, Durmaz B. Bacteriological, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of hospital-acquired kleseilla infection in a teaching hospital. J Hosp Infect. 2003; 54(issue 1):39-45.##13. Nematzadeh S, Nasehi L, Shahcheraghi F, Sadat Nikbin V. Beta-lactamases in clinical isolates ofklebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Tehran, Iran. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2010; 13(3): 111-118.##14. Tripathi PC, Gajbhiye SR, Agrawal GN. Clinical and antimicrobial profile of Acinetobacter spp.: An emerging nosocomial superbug. Adv Biomed Res. 2014;3 :13.##15. Rahimi S, Appala RB. Evaluation on of CIVA agar for rapid detection of extended spectrum b- lactamases (ESBL) among isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. Indian J Med Res. 2008; 127(2): 195-197.##16. Zarrilli R, Pourmaras S, Giannouli M, Tsakris A. Global evolution of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clonal lineages. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2012; 41(1): 11-19.##17. Farhani R, Monir R, Shajari GH, Nazem Shirazi MH, Mousavi Gh, Ghasemi A , et all. Antimicrobial susceptibilitypatterns and the distribution of resistance genes among Acinetobacter species isolated from patients in Shahid eheshti hospital. (Persian).(Kashan Univ Med Sci (FEYZ). 2009; 4 (48): 60-66.##18. Smolyakov R, Borer A, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F, Alkan M, Porath A, et al. Nosocomial multi- drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection: risk factors and outcome with ampicillin-sulbactam treatment. J Hosp Infect. 2003; 54(1):32-38.##19. Soltan Dalal MM, Azarsa M, Shirazi MH, Rastegar Lari A, Mobasseri G, Fallah Mehrabadi J, et al. Detection of CTX-M-1 beta clinicall samples by using polymerase chainlactamase gene in escherichia coli isolated from. Reaction (PCR) method. Tehran Uni Med J. 2011; 69 (5): 16-21.##20. Vafaei S, Mirnejad R, Amirmozafari N. Determining the Patterns of Antimicrobial Susceptibility and theDistribution of blaCTX-M Genes in Strains of kleseilla Isolated from Clinical Samples.J Isfahan Med Sch. 2013; 31(252): 1443-1445.## ##

مقایسه اثربخشی پرومتازین وریدی با دیازپام وریدی در درمان سرگیجه حاد محیطی در بیماران مراجعه کننده به اورژانس Intravenous Promethazine versus Diazepam for Treatment of Peripheral Vertigo in Emergency Department 1 1 سابقه و هدف: سرگیجه یکی از شکایت‌های شایع مراجعین به اورژانس می‌باشد. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر دیازپام به عنوان بنزودیازپین و پرومتازین به عنوان یک دارو از دسته فنوتیازین‌ها در درمان حمله حاد سرگیجه محیطی در مراجعه کنندگان به اورژانس بوده است. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه به صورت کارآزمایی بالینی تصادفی دو سوکور در بیمارستان امام خمینی شهر ساری در سال1395 صورت گرفت. 150 نفر از بیماران با معیارهای ورود به مطالعه، انتخاب شده و به طور تصادفی به دو گروه A و B تقسیم شدند. در گروه A، 5 میلی‌گرم دیازپام وریدی ودر گروه B، 25 میلی گرم پرومتازین وریدی تزریق شد. علائم وشدت سرگیجه قبل وبعد از دریافت دارو تا چهار ساعت ارزیابی شد. یافته‌ها: در بیماران تحت درمان با پرومتازین در 71 نفر (7/94 درصد) کاهش خیلی خوب و در4 نفر (3/5 درصد) کاهش خوب در شدت سرگیجه مشاهده شد در حالی که در بیماران تحت درمان با دیازپام در 13نفر (3/17 درصد) کاهش خوب و در 62 نفر (7/82 درصد) کاهش متوسط در شدت سرگیجه مشاهده شد. داروی پرومتازین با 7/94 درصد و با اثر خیلی خوب پاسخ بهتری داشت. میانگین نمره VAS قبل از مداخله، 9.69، 30 دقیقه پس از درمان، 14/7 و 2 ساعت بعد، 06/5 و 4 ساعت بعد، 45/2 بود که نشان دهنده کاهش نمره VAS در طی زمان در هر دو گروه بود. برای مقایسه اثربخشی داروها از آزمون دقیق فیشر استفاده شد واین آزمون با 001/0< P نشان داد که از نظر اثربخشی تفاوت معنی‌داری بین دوگروه وجود دارد. استنتاج: این مطالعه نشان داد تجویز پرومتازین داخل وریدی در بهبود سرگیجه موثرتر از دیازپام داخل وریدی است. لذا این یافته برای بیماران با شکایت سرگیجه حاد محیطی می تواند استفاده شود. 2 Background and purpose: Vertigo is one of the most common principal complaints of patients in emergency departments. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of Diazepam as benzodiazepine and Promethazine in patients with acute peripheral vertigo. Materials and methods: A double blind randomized clinical trial was done in which 150 patients were randomly divided into two groups (n=75 per group) to receive either 5mg IV injection of Diazepam (group A) or 25mg IV injection of promethazine (group B). The severity of vertigo was scored before treatment and within four hours after receiving the drugs. Results: Excellent improvements were seen in 71 (94.7%) patients receiving promethazine while good improvements were observed in 13 (17.3%) patients receiving Diazepam. The mean VAS score was 9.69 before the intervention. While the mean scores for VAS1 (30 minutes after treatment), VAS2 (after two hours), and VAS3 (after four hours) were 7.14, 5.06, and 2.45, respectively. The results showed a reduction over time in both groups in VAS score. The Fisher’s exact test showed significant difference in efficacy of promethazine between the two groups. (P<0.001). Conclusion: According to this result, promethazine improved peripheral vertigo better than Diazepam. So, it could be used in patients with acute peripheral vertigo. 88 98 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/222017/01/92016/07/132016/11/152016/01/192016/11/12 1395/8/22 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/172017/05/82016/11/72017/04/42017/06/62017/02/25 1395/12/7 لیلا شفیع پور Leila Shafipour دستیار طب اورژانس، دانشکد ه پزشکی، کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران ، ساری، ایران ایران ایرج گلی خطیر Iraj Goli Khatir استادیار، گروه طب اورژانس، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری، ایران ایران drgolihhatir@gmail.com ویدا شفیع پور Vida Shafipour استادیار، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی نسسیبه، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران ، ساری، ایران ایران حامد امینی آهی دشتی Hamed Amini Ahidashti استادیار، گروه طب اورژانس، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری، ایران ایران جمشید یزدانی چراتی Jamshid Yazdani Charati دانشیار، مرکز تحقیقات علوم بهداشتی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران ، ساری، ایران ایران vertigo diazepam promethazine acute peripheral vertigo سرگیجه سرگیجه حاد محیطی پرومتازین دیازپام 1. Newman-Toker DE, Yu-Hsiang H, Camargo CA, Pelletier aj AJ, Butchy GT, Edlow JA. Spectrum of Dizziness Visits to US Emergency Departments: Cross-Sectional Analysis from a Nationally Representative Sample. Mayo Clin Proc .2008; 83(7): 765–775.##2. Calhoun AH, Ford S, Pruitt AP, Fisher KG. The point prevalence of dizziness or vertigo in migraine– and factors that influence presentation. Headache. 2011; 51(9): 1388-1392.##3. Norrving B, Magnusson M, Holtås S. Isolated acute vertigo in the elderly; vestibular or vascular disease? Acta Neurol Scand .1995; 91(1): 43–48.##4. Roceanu A, Bajenaru O, Muresan D, Popescu B, Anghel D, Georgescu M, et al. Management OF Vertigo. Romanian Journal of Neurology. 2016; 15(issue 1): 5-16.##5. Marx JA. rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice. philadelphia : MOSBY ELSEVIER ; 2014. P. 162-169.##6. Korres SG, Balatsouras DG, Papouliakos S, Ferekidis E. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and its management. Med Sci Monit. 2007; 13(6): 275-282.##7. Rodríguez J, Crawford V. What therapies are effective for relief of chronic vertigo symptoms? Evidence Based Practice. 2009; 12(7): 6-7.##8. Pytel J, Nagy G, Tóth A, Spellenberg S, Schwarz M, Répassy G. Efficacy and tolerability of a fixed low-dose combination of cinnarizine and dimenhydrinate in the treatment of vertigo: A 4-week, randomized, double-blind, activeand placebo-controlled, parallel-group, outpatient study. Clin Ther. 2007; 29 (1):84–98.##9. Nuti D, Nati C, Passali D. Treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: No need for postmaneuver restrictions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000; 122(3): 440- 444.##10. Schoilz AW, Steindl R, Burchadi N, Bognar-Steinberg I, Baumann W. Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of a fixed low-dose combination of cinnarizine and dimenhydrinate with betahistine in vestibular neuritis: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority study. Clin Drug Investig. 2012; 32(6):387-399.##11. Bhattacharyya N, Baugh RF, Orvidas L, Barrs D, Bronston LJ, Cass S. Clinical practice guideline: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008; 139(5): S47-81.##12. Barzegari H, Mozafari J, Yousefian MA, Zohrevand B. Comparing the effectiveness of intervenous Diazepam and methyl prednisolone in theatment of acute peripheral vertigo; A CLINICAL TIAL IRANIAN JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE. 2016; 3(3):92-97.##13. Lee H, Won cho Y. A case of isolated nodulus infarction presenting as a vestibular neuritis. J NEUROL SCI. 2004; 221 (ISSUE 1-2): 117-119.##14. Strickland C, Russell R . What is the best way to manage benign paroxysmal positional vertigo? J FAM p RACT. 2003; 52(12):971-984.##15. Crespi V. Dizziness and vertigo: An epidemiological survey and patient management in the emergency room. Neurol Sci. 2004; 25(suppl 1): 24–25.##16. Blau P A, Schwade N, Roland P. Diazepam Tolerance Effects on Vestibular Function Testing, Part II: Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Parameters during Rotational Testing. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol .2005; 114(9): 722-729.##17. Lopez- Escamez JA, Gamiz MJ, Fernandez-Perez A, Gomez-Fiñana M. Long-term outcome and health-related quality of life in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2005; 262(6): 507–511.##18. Lopez-Escamez JA, Gamiz MJ, Fernandez-Perez A, Gomez-Fiñana M, Sanchez-Canet I. Impact of treatment on health-related quality of life in patients with posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otol Neurotol. 2003; 24(4):637-641.##19. Shahrami A, Norouzi M, Kariman H, Hatamabadi HR, Arhami Dolatabadi A. True Vertigo Patients in Emergency Department; an Epidemiologic Study. Emerg (Tehran). 2016; 4(1):25-28.##20. Lee AT. Diagnosing the cause of vertigo: a practical approach. HONG KONG MED J. 2012; 18(4):327-332.##21. Helminski JO , Zee DS, Janssen I, Hain TC. Effectiveness of particle repositioning maneuvers in the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2010; 90(5):663-678.##22. Dannenbaum E, Chilingaryan G, Fung J. Visual vertigo analogue scale: an assessment questionnaire for visual vertigo. J Vestib Res. 2011; 21(3): 153-159.##23. Marill KA, Walsh MJ, Nelson BK. Intravenous lorazepam versus dimenhydrinate for treatment of vertigo in the emergency department: a randomized clinical trial . ann emerg med. 2000; 36(4): 310-319.##24. Amini A, Heidari K, Asadollahi S, Habibi T, Shahrami A, Mansouri B, Kariman H. Intravenous promethazine versus lorazepam for the treatment of peripheral vertigo in the emergency department: a double blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. J VESTIB RES. 2014;24(1):39-47.##25. Irving C, Richman P, Kaiafas C, Eskin B, Allegra J. Intramuscular droperidol versus intramuscular dimenhydrinate for the treatment of acute peripheral vertigo in the emergency department: a randomized clinical trial. acad emerg med. 2002; 9(6):650-653.##26. Delaney KA. Bedside diagnosis of vertigo: value of the history and neurological examination. Acad Emerg Med. 2003; 10(12):1388-1395.##27. Brandt T. Benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo. NEW YORK: SPRINGER; 2003. p. 251-283.##28. Sutton M, Mounsey A, Russel RG. Treatment of clinical inquiries.(family physician inquires network) Fpins Clinical Inquiries. 2012; 86(2): 194-195.##29. Braude D, Crandall C. Ondansetron versus promethazine to treat acute undifferentiated nausea in the emergency department. acad emerg med. 2011;15(3):209-215.##30. Ariyasu L, Byl FM, Sprague MS, Adour KK. The beneficial effect of methylprednisolone in acute vestibular vertigo. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck surg. 2011; 116(6):700-703.##31. RASCOL O., HAIN T. C., BREFEL C., BENAZET M., CLANET M. MONTASTRUC J.L. ANTIVERTIGO MEDICATIONS AND DRUG-INDUCED VERTIGO: A PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW, DRUGS. 2010;50 : 777–791.##32. Khalil S , Philbrook L, Rabb M, Wells L, Aves T, Villanueva G ,et all. Ondansetron/ promethazine combination or promethazine alone reduces nausea and vertigo after middle ear surgery. J Clin Anesth. 1999; 11(1): 596–600.##33. Abbasi S, Farsi D, Shafiee Ardestani S, Valizadeh N.Oral Betahistine Versus Intravenous Diazepam in Acute Peripheral Vertigo: A Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial. International Science Index. 2015; 2(2): 182-187.## #### ##

بررسی اثر فوری کینزیوتیپینگ و کشش عضله گاستروکنمیوس بر روی تعادل سالمندان Comparing the Immediate Effects of Kinesiotaping and Stretching of Gastrocnemius on Balance in Elderly 1 1 سابقه و هدف: عدم ‌تعادل از عمده‌ترین مشکلات سلامت سالمندان است. کینزیوتیپینگ و کشش‌ عضلانی از تکنیک‌های فیزیوتراپی موثر برتعادل هستند. به نظر‌می‌رسد تاکنون مطالعه‌ای به‌مقایسه تاثیرکینزیوتیپ و کشش عضله گاستروکنمیوس بر تعادل سالمندان نپرداخته‌ است؛ بنابراین هدف از این مطالعه بررسی و مقایسه اثر این‌دو روش‌درمانی بر‌روی تعادل سالمندان می‌باشد. مواد و روش‌ها: در‌این کارآزمائی بالینی‌تصادفی، 40 سالمند خانم و آقا به‌صورت تصادفی در دوگروه کینزیوتیپ و کشش‌درمانی قرارگرفتند. درگروه کینزیوتیپ، تیپ مهاری بر روی گاستروکنمیوس چسبانده‌‌شد ودرگروه‌کشش،‌ این عضله به مدت60 ثانیه و با 4 مرتبه تکرار تحت‌کشش قرار‌گرفت. تعادل استاتیک آزمودنی‌ها قبل‌و‌بعد از مداخله با‌ استفاده از آزمون عملکردی ایستادن بر‌روی یک‌ پا و بررسی سرعت و میزان جابجایی مرکز فشار بدن با استفاده از صفحه‌ نیرو، مورد بررسی قرارگرفت. با توجه ‌به توزیع نرمال داده‌ها، برای مقایسه بین‌گروهی از آزمون تی‌مستقل و برای مقایسه درون‌گروهی، از آزمون تی‌زوجی استفاده‌گردید. یافته‌ها: پس‌از اعمال مداخلات علیرغم پیشرفت در مدت زمان ایستادن بر روی یک پا، تغییرات معنی‌دار نبودند (05/0˃P). هم‌چنین تغییرات داخلی– خارجی مرکز فشار بدن زنان‌ پس‌از استفاده از کشش نسبت به استفاده از کینزیوتیپ به‌طور معنی‌دار کم‌تر بود(04/0=P). ضمن‌آن‌‌که زنان سالمند پس‌‌از استفاده از‌کشش‌ نسبت به قبل‌از به‌‌کار بردن آن کاهش معنی‌داری را در تغییرات مرکز فشار بدن در صفحه داخلی- خارجی نشان دادند(02/0=P). استنتاج: اثر کوتاه‌مدت اعمال کشش عضله گاستروکنمیوس، می‌تواند باعث بهبودی معنادار تعادل‌جانبی در زنان‌سالمند شود. البته مشاهده روند‌کاهشی‌ درمیزان تغییرات جابجائی مرکز توده ‌بدن پس‌از کاربرد این مداخله در مردان سالمند نیز می‌تواند بیانگر موثربودن این روش‌‌درمانی باشد. 2 Background and purpose: Balance impairment is one of the major health problems in elderly. Kinsiotaping and stretching techniques are effective in balance improvement. To the best of our knowledge, no study have compared the effects of kinesiotaping and stretching of gastrocnemius on balance in elderly. So, we aimed at comparing the effects of these two methods on balance in elderly. Materials and methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 40 elderly women and men were randomly assigned into 2 groups of kinesiotaping and stretching. Inhibitory tape was applied on the gastrocnemius while in stretching group, the muscle was stretched for 60 seconds in 4 times. The static balance was examined before and after the interventions, using single leg stance test and checking the changes of center of pressure by force plate. According to normal distribution of data, Independent t-test was used to compare the means between groups and paired t-test was used for within group analysis. Results: Despite progress in time of unilateral standing after the interventions, the changes were not significant (P>0.05). Mediolateral changes of center of pressure in females were significantly lower after the use of stretching rather than kinesiotaping (P=0.04). Moreover, elderly women showed significant decrease in mediolateral changes of center of pressure after the use of stretching compared with that before the use (P=0.02). Conclusion: The short term effect of gastrocnemius stretching could lead to significant improvement of mediolateral balance in elderly female. Also, the decreasing trend in changes of center of body mass in men after the stretching may indicate the effectiveness of this treatment. 99 110 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/222017/01/92016/07/132016/11/152016/01/192016/11/122017/01/1 1395/10/12 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/172017/05/82016/11/72017/04/42017/06/62017/02/252017/04/24 1396/2/4 حمزه بهارلوئی Hamzeh Baharlouei دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی فیزیوتراپی، کمیته تحقیقات دانشجوئی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جندی‌شاپور اهواز ، اهواز، ایران ایران امید خشاوی Omid Khoshavi دانشجوی کارشناسی فیزیوتراپی، کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشکده علوم توانبخشی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان ، اصفهان،‌ ایران ایران زهرا گرم‌آبی Zahra Garmabi دانشجوی کارشناسی فیزیوتراپی، کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشکده علوم توانبخشی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان ، اصفهان،‌ ایران ایران نیلوفر فرشته‌نژاد Niloofar Fereshtenejad کارشناس ارشد ارتوز و پروتز (مربی)، مرکز تحقیقات اختلالات اسکلتی و عضلانی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران ایران زهره شفیع‌زادگان Zohreh Shafizadegan کارشناسی ارشد فیزیوتراپی، عضوگروه فیزیوتراپی، مرکز تحقیقات اختلالات اسکلتی و عضلانی، دانشکده علوم توانبخشی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان،‌ ایران ایران z.shafizadegan@rehab.mui.ac.ir postural balance kinesiotaping muscle stretching gastrocnemius تعادل پوسچرال کینزیوتیپینگ کشش عضلانی گاستروکنمیوس 1. Ambrose AF, Paul G, Hausdorff JM. Risk factors for falls among older adults: a review of the literature. Maturitas. 2013;75(1):51-61.##2. Steadman J, Donaldson N, Kalra L. A randomized controlled trial of an enhanced balance training program to improve mobility and reduce falls in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc.2003;51(6):847-852.##3. Marvi Isfahani1 M, Farahpour N. Comparison of the Effect of an Exercise Program on Kinematic Analysis of Gait of Elderly Men and Women who are Residents in a Sanatorium. Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2013;23(105):81-89.##4. Wang D, Zhang J, Sun Y, Zhu W, Tian S, Liu Y. Evaluating the fall risk among elderly population by choice step reaction test. Clin Interv Aging. 2016;11:1075-1082##5. Wilson V, Douris P, Fukuroku T, Kuzniewski M, Dias J, Figueiredo P. The Immediate and Long-term Effects Of Kinesiotape® on Balance and Functional Performance. Int J Sports Phys Ther.. 2016;11(2):247-253.##6. Wingert JR, Welder C, Foo P. Age-related hip proprioception declines: effects on postural sway and dynamic balance. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(2):253-261.##7. Tanaka EH, Santos PF, Reis JG, Rodrigues NC, Moraes R, Abreu DC. Is there a relationship between complaints of impaired balance and postural control disorder in community-dwelling elderly women? A cross-sectional study with the use of posturography. Braz J Phys Ther.. 2015;19(3):186-193.##8. Koshmak G, Linden M, Loutfi A. Dynamic Bayesian networks for context-aware fall risk assessment. Sensors. 2014;14(5):9330-9348.##9. Burke TN, França FJR, de Meneses SRF, Pereira RMR, Marques AP. Postural control in elderly women with osteoporosis: comparison of balance, strengthening and stretching exercises. A randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil.. 2012; 26(11): 1021-1031.##10. Lima BN, Lucareli P, Gomes WA, Silva JJ, Bley AS, Hartigan EH, et al. The acute effects of unilateral ankle plantar flexors static-stretching on postural sway and gastrocnemius muscle activity during single-leg balance tasks J Sports Sci Med.. 2014; 13(3): 564-570.##11. Fadaei Dehcheshmeh T, Shamsi Majelan A. Effect of kinesio Tape on Function of Lower Extremity and Pain Severity in Athletes with and without Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2016;26(137):105-114(persian).##12. Lins CA, Borges DT, Macedo LB, Costa KS, Brasileiro JS. Delayed effect of Kinesio Taping on neuromuscular performance, balance, and lower limb function in healthy individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Braz J Phys Ther. 2016 (ahead of print)##13. Tamburella F, Scivoletto G, Molinari M. Somatosensory inputs by application of KinesioTaping: effects on spasticity, balance, and gait in chronic spinal cord injury. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:367.##14. Choi YK, Park YH, Lee JH. Effects of Kinesio taping and Mcconnell taping on balance and walking speed of hemiplegia patients. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(4):1166-1169.##15. Behm DG, Blazevich AJ, Kay AD, McHugh M. Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2015;41(1):1-11.##16. Maeda N, Urabe Y, Fujii E, Moriyama N, Iwata S, Sasadai J. The effect of different stretching techniques on ankle joint range of motion and dynamic postural stability after landing. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2016; 56(6): 692-698.##17. Cortesi M, Cattaneo D, Jonsdottir J. Effect of kinesio taping on standing balance in subjects with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. NeuroRehabilitation. 2011;28(4):365-372.##18. Kase K, Wallis J, Kase T. Clinical therapeutic applications of the Kinesio taping method. Tokyo :Kinesio Taping Assoc; 2003.##19. Feland JB, Myrer JW, Schulthies SS, Fellingham GW, Measom GW. The effect of duration of stretching of the hamstring muscle group for increasing range of motion in people aged 65 years or older. Physical therapy. 2001;81(5):1110-1117.##20. Guccione AA, Avers D, Wong R. Geriatric physical therapy.3thrd . Canada. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2011.##21. Springer BA, Marin R, Cyhan T, Roberts H, Gill NW. Normative values for the unipedal stance test with eyes open and closed. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2007;30(1):8-15.##22. Lumbroso D, Ziv E, Vered E, Kalichman L. The effect of kinesio tape application on hamstring and gastrocnemius muscles in healthy young adults. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2014;18(1):130-138.##23. Baharlouei H, Salavati M, Akhbari B, Mosallanezhad Z, Mazaheri M, Negahban H. Cross-cultural validation of the Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) using self-report and interview-based questionnaires among Persian-speaking elderly adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2013;57(3):339-344.##24. Lee AJ, Lin W-H. The influence of gender and somatotype on single-leg upright standing postural stability in children. J Appl Biomech. 2007;23(3):173-179##25. Matheron E, Yang Q, Delpit-Baraut V, Dailly O, Kapoula Z. Active ocular vergence improves postural control in elderly as close viewing distance with or without a single cognitive task. Neurosci Lett. 2016;610:24-29.##26. Li Z, Liang Y-Y, Wang L, Sheng J, Ma S-J. Reliability and validity of center of pressure measures for balance assessment in older adults. Logo of jpts J Phys Ther Sci. 2016; 28(4): 1364- 1367##27. Reddy RS, Alahmari KA. Effect of Lower Extremity Stretching Exercises on Balance in Geriatric Population. Int J Health Sci. 2016; 10(3):389-395##28. Han M-J, Yuk G-C, Gak H, Suh S-R, Kim S-G. Acute effects of 5 min of plantar flexor static stretching on balance and gait in the elderly. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(1):131-133.##29. Costa PB, Graves BS, Whitehurst M, Jacobs PL. The acute effects of different durations of static stretching on dynamic balance performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2009; 23(1):141-147.##30. Nagano A, Yoshioka S, Hay DC, Himeno R, Fukashiro S. Influence of vision and static stretch of the calf muscles on postural sway during quiet standing. Hum Mov. 2006;25(3):422-434.##31. Yuk G-C. The acute effects of 15 minutes plantarflexor static stretch in quite stance. J Korean Soc Phys Med. 2012; 7(2): 191-197.##32. Bicici S, Karatas N, Baltaci G. Effect of athletic taping and kinesiotaping® on measurements of functional performance in basketball players with chronic inversion ankle sprains. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2012; 7(2):154-166.##33. Nakajima MA, Baldridge C. The effect of kinesio(R) tape on vertical jump and dynamic postural control. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2013;8(4):393-406.##34. Cabreira TS, Coelho KHV, Quemelo PRV. Kinesio Taping effect on postural balance in the elderly. Fisioter Pesqui. 2014;21(4):333-338.##35. Lins CA1, Neto FL, Amorim AB, Macedo Lde B, Brasileiro JS. Kinesio Taping® does not alter neuromuscular performance of femoral quadriceps or lower limb function in healthy subjects: Randomized, blind, controlled, clinical trial. Man Ther. 2013;18(1):41-45.##36. Voglar M, Sarabon N. Kinesio taping in young healthy subjects does not affect postural reflex reactions and anticipatory postural adjustments of the trunk: a pilot study. J Sports Sci Med. 2014;13(3):673-679.##37. Halseth T, McChesney JW, Debeliso M, Vaughn R, Lien J. The effects of kinesio taping on proprioception at the ankle. J Sports Sci Med. 2004;3(1):1-7.##38. Chang HY, Chou KY, Lin JJ, Lin CF, Wang CH. Immediate effect of forearm Kinesio taping on maximal grip strength and force sense in healthy collegiate athletes. Phys Ther Sport. 2010;11(4):122-127.##39. Kim JW, Eom GM, Kim CS, Kim DH, Lee JH, Park BK, et al. Sex differences in the postural sway characteristics of young and elderly subjects during quiet natural standing. Geriatr Gerontol Int.. 2010;10(2):191-198.##40. Kim JW, Kwon Y, Ho Y, Jeon HM, Bang MJ, et al. Age–gender differences in the postural sway during squat and stand-up movement. Biomed Mater Eng. 2014; 24(6): 2707-2713.##41. Han MJ, Yuk GC, Gak H, Suh SR, Kim SG. Acute effects of 5 min of plantar flexor static stretching on balance and gait in the elderly. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(1):131-133.##42. Riemann BL, DeMont RG, Ryu K, Lephart SM. The effects of sex, joint angle, and the gastrocnemius muscle on passive ankle joint complex stiffness. J Athl Train. 2001;36(4):369-375.##43. Dewan N, MacDermid JC. Fall Efficacy Scale - International (FES-I). J Physiother. 2014;60(1):60.## ##

مقایسه اثربخشی مداخله مبتنی بر ارزیابی مجدد مثبت و آموزش مهارت حل مساله بر اضطراب دوره انتظار نتیجه درمان با IUI (تلقیح داخل رحمی) Comparing the Effect of Positive Reappraisal Coping Intervention on Anxiety of Waiting Period in IUI Treatment Using Problem-solving Skills Training 1 1 سابقه و هدف: دوره ‌انتظار نتیجه ‌درمان های کمک باروری با دیسترس ‌شدید زنان همراه است. مطالعه حاضر با هدف مقایسه تاثیر مداخله مبتنی بر ارزیابی مجدد مثبت و آموزش مهارت حل مساله بر اضطراب ‌دوره انتظار نتیجه درمان با IUI در زنان نابارور انجام شد. مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه کارآزمایی بالینی بر روی 108 زن مراجعه کننده به مرکز ناباروری میلادشهر مشهد انجام گرفت. در گروه آموزش‌ مهارت ‌حل ‌مساله‌، مهارت حل مساله طی 3 جلسه آموزش داده شد، در گروه مداخله مبتنی بر ارزیابی مجدد مثبت دو جلسه آموزش جهت آشنایی واحدهای پژوهش‌ با کارت افکار مقابله ای برگزار گردید و از آن ها خواسته می شد طی دوره انتظار کارت افکار مقابله‌ای را خوانده و فرم پایش روزانه را تکمیل کنند و گروه کنترل مراقبت معمول را دریافت می کردند. میانگین اضطراب بااستفاده ازپرسشنامه اضطراب اشپیل برگر در روز دهم دوره انتظار نتیجه درمان در سه گروه مقایسه گردید. یافته ها: در روزدهم دوره انتظارمیانگین نمره اضطراب آشکار در گروه کنترل (70/11±46/52)، آموزش مهارت حل مساله (25/11±03/46) و مداخله مبتنی بر ارزیابی مجدد مثبت (50/10±34/47) اختلاف معنی‌دار داشت (039/0= P) اما میانگین اضطراب پنهان گروه کنترل (98/6±55/47)، آموزش مهارت حل مساله (84/8±02/45) و مداخله مبتنی بر ارزیابی مجدد مثبت (89/8±92/45) اختلاف معنی دار وجود نداشت (426/0P=). استنتاج: با توجه به تاثیر مداخله مبتنی بر ارزیابی مجدد مثبت و آموزش مهارت حل مساله بر کاهش اضطراب دوره انتظار نتیجه درمان با IUI پیشنهاد می شود با توجه به امکانات موجود در هر مرکز ناباروری از مداخلات مذکور استفاده شود. 2 Background and purpose: Waiting period in fertility treatments lead to distress in infertile women. Current study aimed at comparing the effect of positive reappraisal coping intervention and problem-solving skills training on anxiety of waiting period in women going through IUI treatment. Materials and methods: This clinical trial was conducted in 108 women attending Milad infertility center in Mashhad, Iran. In problem solving group three training sessions were held. In positive reappraisal coping group, two training sessions were held to accustom the participants to the components of positive reappraisal coping. The subjects in this group were asked to read the positive reappraisal coping cards (daily) and complete the monitoring form. Meanwhile, the control group received usual care. The mean score for anxiety was compared between all groups applying Spielberger anxiety Inventory on day 10 of the waiting period. Results: The mean scores for anxiety showed significant differences between the control group (52.46±11.70), the group receiving problem-solving skills trainings (46.03±11.25), and the cases in positive reappraisal coping intervention group (47.34±10.5), (P =0.039). But the mean scores for trait anxiety was not significantly different between the control group (47.55±6.98) those in problem-solving skills group (45.02±8.84), and individuals receiving positive reappraisal coping intervention (45.92±8.89), (P =0.426). Conclusion: According to the positive influence of both interventions, they are recommended for reducing anxiety in waiting period of IUI treatment. 111 123 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/222017/01/92016/07/132016/11/152016/01/192016/11/122017/01/12016/10/19 1395/7/28 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/172017/05/82016/11/72017/04/42017/06/62017/02/252017/04/242017/04/23 1396/2/3 مرضیه قاسمی گوجانی Marzieh Ghasemi Gojani دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشدمشاوره درمامایی،کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشکده پرستاری-مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، مشهد، ایران ایران معصومه کردی Masomeh Kordi استادیارگروه مامایی، مرکز تحقیقات مراقبت مبتنی بر شواهد، دانشکده پرستاری-مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، مشهد، ایران ایران kordim@mums.ac.ir نگار اصغری پور Negar Asgharipur استادیارگروه روان شناسی بالینی، مرکز تحقیقات روانپزشکی و علوم رفتاری، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، مشهد، ایران ایران ملیحه امیریان Malihe Amirian استادیار گروه زنان و مامایی، مرکز تحقیقات سلامت زنان، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، مشهد، ایران ایران حبیب الله اسماعیلی Habibollah Esmaeli استاد، گروه آمارزیستی، مرکز تحقیقات مدیریت و عوامل اجتماعی مؤثر بر سلامت، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، مشهد، ایران ایران الناز اسکندرنیا Elnaze Eskandarnia کارشناس ارشدروانشناسی بالینی، بیمارستان ابن سینا، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، مشهد، ایران ایران positive reappraisal coping intervention problem-solving skills infertility anxiety waiting period IUI مداخله مبتنی بر ارزیابی مجدد مثبت آموزش مهارت حل مساله اضطراب دوره انتظار نتیجه درمان IUI 1. Boivin J, Lancastle D. Medical waiting periods: imminence, emotions and coping. Women's Health (Lond). 2010;6(1):59-69.##2. Osuna EE. The psychological cost of waiting. J Math Psychol. 1985;29(1):82-105.##3. Tinseth AA. The Lived Experience of Infertility: Women Undergoing Ovarian Stimulation with Subsequent Intrauterine Insemination: UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO; 2012.##4. Novaks BJSB. Berserk DJ Submerge & Novas Gynecology. 15th ed : Tehran: Artin teb; 2012.##5. Kokanalı D, Kokanalı MK, Eroğlu E, Yılmaz N. Is Anxiety an Effective Factor on the Success of Ovulation Induction/ Intrauterine Insemination Cycle? Kaygı Ovulasyon İndüksiyonu/İntrauterin İnseminasyon Siklus Başarısında Etkili Bir Faktör Müdür? J Clin Anal Med . 2015; 6(suppl 6): 770-773.##6. Heidary P, Latifnegad R, Sahebi A, Jahanian M, Mazloum SR. The effect cognitive behavior therapy on anxiety in primary infertility treatment IUI. Journal of Reproduction and Infertility. 2002; 3(3):1-12.##7. Gharaei V AM, Mazaheri MA, Sahebi A , Peivandi S, Aghahoseini M. Evaluation role of cognitive behavior training on reduce anxiety in women with primy infertility used treatment ZIFT,GIFT. Journal reproductive and infertility. 2001; 5(2)(18): 170- 180.##8. Phelps C, Bennett P, Hood K, Brain K, Murray A. A self‐help coping intervention can reduce anxiety and avoidant health behaviours whilst waiting for cancer genetic risk information: results of a phase III randomised trial. PsychoOncology. 2013; 22(4): 837-844.##9. Ockhuijsen H, van den Hoogen A, Eijkemans M, Macklon N, Boivin J. The impact of a self-administered coping intervention on emotional well-being in women awaiting the outcome of IVF treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod. 2014; 29(7): 1459-1470.##10. Ockhuijsen HD, Van den Hoogen A, Macklon NS, Boivin J. The PRCI study: design of a randomized clinical trial to evaluate a coping intervention for medical waiting periods used by women undergoing a fertility treatment. BMC Women's Health. 2013;13:35.##11. Lancastle D, Boivin J. A feasibility study of a brief coping intervention (PRCI) for the waiting period before a pregnancy test during fertility treatment. Hum Reprod. 2008;23(10):2299-2307.##12. Bailey S, Bailey C, Boivin J, Cheong Y, Reading I, Macklon N. A feasibility study for a randomised controlled trial of the Positive Reappraisal Coping Intervention, a novel supportive technique for recurrent miscarriage. BMJ Open. 2015;5(4):e007322.##13. Lancastle DS. Reasons to be cheerful, Part I, II, III: dispositional optimism, positive reappraisal coping and positive (re) appraisals of the situation: effects on emotional well-being and physical outcomes. United Kingdom, Wales: Cardiff University; 2006.##14. Nezu AM. Problem solving and behavior therapy revisited. Behavior Therapy. 2004;35(1):1-33.##15. Zwick ML. Does problem-solving ability moderate the relationship between infertility related stressors and psychological distress in infertile women? : Drexel University; 2003.(PHD Thesis).##16. Domar AD, Gross J, Rooney K, Boivin J. Exploratory randomized trial on the effect of a brief psychological intervention on emotions, quality of life, discontinuation, and Munro BH. Statistical Methods for health care research. 5th ed. New York , Baltimore. 2005.##17. pregnancy rates in in vitro fertilization patients. Fertil Steril. 2015;104(2):440-451.##18. Hong J, Nguyen TV, Prose N. Compassionate care: Enhancing physician -patient communication and education in dermatology: Part II: Patient education. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68(3):364. e1-. e10.##19. Terry DJ, Hynes GJ. Adjustment to a low-control situation: Reexamining the role of coping responses. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998; 74(4):1078- 1092.##20. Skiadas CC, Terry K, De Pari M, Geoghegan A, Lubetsky L, Levy S, et al. Does emotional support during the luteal phase decrease the stress of in vitro fertilization? Fertil Steril. 2011;96(6):1467-1472.##21. Schwartz MD, Lerman C, Audrain J, Cella D, Rimer B, Stefanek M, et al. The impact of a brief problem-solving training intervention for relatives of recently diagnosed breast cancer patients. Ann Behav Med . 1998;20(1):7-12.##22. Nasiri S. Acomparetive study on theeffect of problem solving skills training and relaxation on severity of depression in postpartum period. J Fundam Ment Health (Mashhad Univ Med Sci). 2010; 14 (3): 226-235.##23. Goldfried MR DG; Maher F.(Traslator) Clinical Behavior Therapy. Mashhad: Astan e Qods Razavi . 1993.##24. Adarvishi S, Asadi M , Mahmoodi M, khodadadi A, Ghasemi M, Farsani F. Effect of Problem-Solving Skill Training on Anxiety of Operation Room Students. Journal of Health and Care. 2015;17(3):207-217.##25. Simbar M, Hashemi S, Shams J, Majd HA. Evaluate the relationship between anxiety in infertile women with the success of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in infertility treatment centers in Tehran. J Reprod Infertility. 2008;10(4):279-285 .##26. Ockhuijsen H. A novel intervention for medical waiting periods in IVF and early pregnancy. Utrect University Repository: 2014.#### ##

بررسی رابطه عوامل محیطی و شیوع انگل های روده ای در غرب استان مازندران با استفاده از نظام های اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) Association between Geographical Risk Factors and Intestinal Parasites in West of Mazandaran Province Using Geographic Information System 1 1 سابقه و هدف: در استان مازندران در زمینه شیوع عوامل انگلی مطالعات متعددی صورت گرفته ولی تاکنون بررسی جامعی که در آن با توجه به سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) تمامی فاکتورهای موثر در اپیدمیولوژی عوامل انگلی بررسی شود، صورت نگرفته است. هدف از انجام این تحقیق بررسی انگل‌های روده‌ای در ساکنین غرب استان مازندران و ترسیم نقشه انتشار با استفاده از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی می‌باشد. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه بر روی 1120 نفر از مراجعه کنند‌گان به مراکز بهداشت غرب استان مازندران و با استفاده از روش‌های مستقیم، فرمالین - اتر، رنگ‌آمیزی تری‌کروم و اسید‌فست اصلاح شده انجام شد. نتایج با استفاده از نرم افزارهای SPSS نسخه 18 و Arc GIS 9.3 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: شیوع انگل‌های روده‌ای در افراد مورد مطالعه 8/12 درصد بوده که در بین تک یاخته‌ها، بلاستوسیستیس هومنیس(8/5 درصد) و در بین کرم‌ها استرونژیلوس استرکورالیس(53/0 درصد) بیش‌ترین شیوع را داشته‌اند. آنالیز آماری نشان داد که رابطه‌ای معنی‌دار بین شیوع انگل‌های روده‌ای و متغیرهای دموگرافی و جغرافیایی نظیر محل سکونت، نوع آب مصرفی، سطح درآمد، متغیر دما و ارتفاع از سطح دریا وجود دارد. ترسیم نقشه انتشار انگل‌های روده‌ای نشان داد که شهرستان تنکابن از نظر آلودگی به انگل‌های روده‌ای در منطقه با ریسک بالا قرار دارد. استنتاج: دمای محیط و ارتفاع منطقه مورد مطالعه از سطح دریا به همراه عوامل دموگرافیک دیگر در انتشار بیماری‌های انگلی نقش به‌سزایی دارد. بهبود سیستم تصفیه آب، بهبود وضعیت بهداشت محیط در مکان‌های پر خطر، آموزش‌های اولیه بهداشتی به خصوص در روستا‌ها، می تواند در کاهش این معظل بهداشتی کمک‌کننده باشد. 2 Background and purpose: So far, several studies have been done on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in Mazandaran province, Iran, but no comprehensive study used Geographic Information System (GIS) to investigate all effective factors on the epidemiology of these parasites. The aim of this study was to investigate the intestinal parasites in people residing in West of Mazandaran province using GIS. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in 1120 individuals attending the health centers in West of Mazandaran province. The samples were analyzed using direct methods, formalin - ether, trichrome staining, and modified acid fast. Data analysis was done in SPSS V18 and Arc GIS 9.3. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 12.8% in the population studied. The most prevalent protozoa were Blastocystis hominis (5.8%) and among helminthic infections Strongyloides stercoralis (0.53%) were found to be more prevalent. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between the prevalence of intestinal parasites and geographic and demographic risk factors including location, drinking water, income level, temperature, and altitude. Prevalence mapping showed Tonekabon as a high-risk region for intestinal parasites. Conclusion: Temperature and altitude along with demographic factors play an important role in the spread of parasitic diseases. Water purification system, improving sanitation in high-risk areas, and basic health training especially in rural areas can help in decreasing the rate of this public health problem. 124 132 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/222017/01/92016/07/132016/11/152016/01/192016/11/122017/01/12016/10/192016/05/9 1395/2/20 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/172017/05/82016/11/72017/04/42017/06/62017/02/252017/04/242017/04/232017/06/6 1396/3/16 مصطفی ترک Mostafa Tork دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد انگل شناسی، مرکز تحقیقات توکسوپلاسموز، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری، ایران ایران جمشید یزدانی چراتی Jamshid Yazdani-Charati دانشیار، گروه آمار زیستی، مرکز تحقیقات علوم بهداشتی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری، ایران ایران مهدی شریف Mehdi Sharif استاد، گروه انگل شناسی و قارچ شناسی، مرکز تحقیقات توکسوپلاسموز ، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری، ایران ایران احمد دریانی Ahmad Daryani استاد، گروه انگل شناسی و قارچ شناسی، مرکز تحقیقات توکسوپلاسموز ، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری، ایران ایران عیسی نظر Isa Nazar دانشجوی دکترای آمار زیستی، کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، گروه آمار زیستی و اپیدمیولوژی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، مشهد، ایران ایران عبدالستار پقه Abdol Sattar Pagheh دانشجوی دکترای انگل شناسی، مرکز تحقیقات توکسوپلاسموز، کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری، ایران ایران عبداله حسینی Abdollah Hosseini دانشجوی دکترای انگل شناسی، مرکز تحقیقات توکسوپلاسموز، کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری، ایران ایران hosseini4030@gmail.com intestinal parasites risk factors Geographic Information System West of Mazandaran انگل‌های روده‌ای ریسک فاکتور نظام‌های اطلاعات جغرافیایی غرب مازندران 1. Daryani A, Sharif M, Nasrolahei M, Khalilian A, Mohammadi A, Barzegar G. Epidemiological survey of the prevalence of intestinal parasites among schoolchildren in Sari, northern Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012;106(8):455-459.##2. Fentie T, Erqou S, Gedefaw M, Desta A. Epidemiology of human fascioliasis and intestinal parasitosis among schoolchildren in Lake Tana Basin, northwest Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2013;107(8):480-486.##3. Wakid D, Hamdi M. Intestinal Parasitic infection among Food Handlers in Holy City Makkah during Hajj Season 1428 Hegira (2007). Medical Science. 2009;16(1):14-16.##4. Rezaeian M. An introduction to the practical methods for mapping the geographical morbidity and mortality rates. Tollo-e-Behdasht. 2004; 2(4):41-51.##5. Chrisman NR. Review Paper What DoesGIS'Mean? Transactions in GIS. 1999; 3(2): 175-186.##6. (No Outher). Geographical information system(GIS) Mapping for epidemiological surveillance. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 1999; 74(34): 281-288.##7. Rezaeian M, Dunn G, St Leger S, Appleby L. Geographical epidemiology, spatial analysis and geographical information systems: a multidisciplinary glossary. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007; 61(2): 98-102.##8. Hendrickx G, Biesemans J, de Deken R. The use of GIS in veterinary parasitology: GIS and spatial analysis in veterinary science. Waillingford : CABHI . 2004. p 145-176.##9. Tork M, Sharif M, Yazdani Charati J, Nazar I, Hosseini SA. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Risk Factors In West of Mazandaran Province, Iran. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci . 2016; 25(134):81-8.##10. World Health Organization (WHO) . Ahmad OB, Boschi-Pinto C, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Lozano R, Inoue M. Age standardization of rates: a new WHO standard. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). 2001;31:1-14.##11. Rahimi-Esboei B, Gholami Sh, Ghorbani Pasha Kolaei A, Pour Haji Baqer M, Hasannia H, Shaban R, et al . The Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among the People Living in the Central Areas of Mazandaran Province (2009 – 2010). Med Lab J. 2013;7(2):43-48.##12. Ranjbar-Bahadori S , Dastorian A, Heidari B. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in Ghaemshahr in 2004. Medical Journal of Islamic Azad University. 2005;15(30) (41): 151-155.##13. Hashemzadeh O. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in rural areas of Amol during 1998-99 (dissertation). Tehran: School of Pulic Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 1999:44 (Master Thesis).##14. Rohani S, Kianian H, Athari A. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in villages of Sari in 1998-99. J Zanjan Univ Med Sci. 2001;9(34):33-40.##15. Tabatabae F, Yoosefi R, ghafari far. Study the epidemiology of intestinal parasites in varamin. Procedings of the 7th National and the 2nd Regional Congress of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases in Iran.2010.##16. Saki J, Soltani S, Khademvatan S. Study of intestinal parasites among the people referred to governmental hospitals in Ahvaz. Procedings of the 7th National and the 2nd Regional Congress of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases in Iran. 2010. ##17. Kia EB, Hosseini M, Nilforoushan MR, Meamar AR, Rezaeian M. Study of intestinal protozoan parasites in rural inhabitants of Mazandaran province, Northern Iran. Iranian Journal Of Parasitology. 2008;3(1):21-25.##18. Saebi E. Textbook of clinical parasitology. 2th ed. Tehran: Aeeizh; 2009.##19. Gharavi MJ, Roozbehani M, Ajodani AH, Yosefi Darestani, S. The Prevalence of Parasitic Infections in the Patients Referring to Baqiyatallah Hospital, 2011. Medical Laboratory Journal (mljgoums). 2013; 7(4):72-77.##20. Sadeghi H, Borji H. A survey of intestinal parasites in a population in Qazvin, north of Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 2015;5(3):231-233.##21. Khadem Erfan MB. Epidemiological survey of intestinal parasites of Kordestan Province in 2004. 5th National Congress of Parasitic Diseases in Iran. 2005. ##22. Koohsar F, Amini A, Ayatollahi A, Niknejad F, Abbasi Nejat Z. The Prevalence of Intestinal Worms and Amebiasis in Gorgan(2005-2011). Medical Laboratory Journal (mljgoums). 2013; 7(3):54-60.##23. Shahbazi AE, Rezaeian M, Eshraghian MR, Mohebali M, Rokni MB, Sharifdini M, et al. he Prevalence of Human Intestinal Parasites in Rural Areas of Saveh, Markazi Province, Iran. J of Fasa Univ Med Sci. 2014;4(2):177-184.## ##

تولید انرژی تجدیدپذیر ناشی از تصفیه فاضلاب شهری و نمک زدایی از آب شور با کمک فرایندهای الکتروشمیایی بیولوژیکی Renewable Energy Production and Saline Water Desalination from municipal Wastewater Using Bio-Electrochemical Processes 1 1 سابقه و هدف:پیل های نمک زدای میکروبی فناوری های نوینی هستند که در آنها سه فرایند تصفیه فاضلاب، نمک زدایی از آب شور و تولید جریان الکتریسیته به صورت همزمان انجام می گیرد. مواد و روشها:این مطالعه تجربی در مقیاس آزمایشگاهی به صورت ناپیوسته انجام گرفت. آند از جنس گرافیت مسطح و کاتد از نوع پارچه کربنی تفلونایز شده با پوشش پلاتین mg/cm25/0 بود. میزان ولتاژ خروجی اندازه گیری شده و چگالی توان و جریان الکتریکی محاسبه شد. pH، COD ، EC و کلرور فاضلاب آزمایش شده و بازده راکتور در کاهش COD و EC آب شور و نرخ کاهش آنها و بازده کومبیک محاسبه گردید. یافته ها:در حدود نیمی از EC آب شور کاهش پیدا کرد. درصد تغییرات یون کلروردر ظرفیت بافری 25 و 50 میلی مول و در فاضلاب شهری بترتیب برابر با 21±175، 2±217، 53±311 بدست آمد. راندمان حذف COD توسط راکتور در ظرفیتهای بافری 25 و 50 میلی مول و همچنین فاضلاب شهری بترتیب برابر با 1±86 ، 1±80 و 4±76 و نرخ حذف COD نیز بترتیب برابر با mg/L.hr62/0±74/10، mg/L.hr74/0±95/6 و mg/L.hr25/0±77/6 بود. بازده کولمبیک راکتور در ظرفیت های بافری 25 و 50 میلی مول و همچنین فاضلاب شهری بترتیب برابر با 2± 24 و 3±51 و 0± 25 بود. استنتاج:با توجه به کاهش قابل ملاحظه COD فاضلاب و کاهش حدود نیمی از EC آب شور می توان از این سیستم در تصفیه فاضلاب های شهری بدون نیاز به انرژی استفاده کرده و علاوه بر کاهش شوری آب انرزی الکتریکی نیز تولید نمود. 2 Background and purpose: Microbial desalination cells are the new technologies that can be used for wastewater treatment, desalination of seawater and electricity production simultaneously. Materials and methods: This experimental study was performed on a laboratory scale as a batch mode. The anode was flat carbon graphite that were heat treated, and the cathode was carbon cloth with 0.5 mg/cm2 of Pt on the water side and four PTFE diffusion layers on the air side. Output voltage was measured and power and current density were calculated. Changes in pH, COD, EC and chloride in the solution of the reactor vessel were evaluated and based on these changes, the parameters such as efficiency in COD reducing, the rate reduction of EC of salt-water and COD of wastewater and then columbic efficiency were calculated. Results: About half of EC in saltwater was reduced. Change percent in chloride ion in 25, 50 mM PBS and municipal wastewater was 175±21, 217±2 and 311±53 respectively. COD removal efficiency in 25, 50 mM PBS and municipal wastewater was 86±1, 80± 1and 76±4 mg / L, and the rate of COD removal was 10.74 ± 0.62, 6.95 ± 0.74 and 6.77 ± 0.25 mg / L.hr respectively. Columbic efficiency in 25, 50 mM PBS and municipal wastewater was 24±2, 51± 3and 25±0 respectively. Conclusion: Due to the significant reduction in COD and about half of the EC in wastewater, this technology can be used for municipal wastewater treatment and water desalination without the need to use energy. 133 150 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/222017/01/92016/07/132016/11/152016/01/192016/11/122017/01/12016/10/192016/05/92017/01/4 1395/10/15 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/172017/05/82016/11/72017/04/42017/06/62017/02/252017/04/242017/04/232017/06/62017/04/17 1396/1/28 مهدی اسدی قالهری Mahdi Asadi-Ghalhari استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات آلاینده های محیطی و گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قم، قم، ایران. ایران mehdi.asady@gmail.com ناصر مهردادی Nasser Mehrdadi استاد، گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. ایران غلامرضا نبی بیدهندی Gholamreza Nabi Bidhendi استاد، گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. ایران electrochemical systems air cathode microbial desalination cells columbic efficiency سیستم های الکتروشیمیایی پیل نمک زدای میکروبی با کاتد هوایی بازده کولمبیک تصفیه فاضلاب 1. Sieros G, Chaviaropoulos P, Sørensen JD, Bulder B, Jamieson P. Upscaling wind turbines: theoretical and practical aspects and their impact on the cost of energy. Wind Energ . 2012;15(1):3-17.##2. Lovley DR. Microbial fuel cells: novel microbial physiologies and engineering approaches. Curr Opin in Biotechn. 2006; 17(3): 327-332.##3. Sun Y, Wei J, Liang P, Huang X. Electricity generation and microbial community changes in microbial fuel cells packed with different anodic materials. Bioresour Technol. 2011; 102(23): 10886-10891.##4. Xiao L, Damien J, Luo J, Jang HD, Huang J, He Z. Crumpled graphene particles for microbial fuel cell electrodes. Journal of Power Sources. 2012;208:187-192.##5. Goh PS, Ismail AF, Ng BC. Carbon nanotubes for desalination: Performance evaluation and current hurdles. Desalination. 2013;308: 2-14.##6. Emamjomeh MM, Tari K, Jamali HA, Karyab H, Hosseinkhani M. Quality Assessment of Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents for Discharge into the Environment and Reuse. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2017; 26(145): 283-292.(persian).##7. Wen Q, Zhang H, Chen Z, Li Y, Nan J, Feng Y. Using bacterial catalyst in the cathode of microbial desalination cell to improve wastewater treatment and desalination. Bioresour Technol. 2012; 125:108-113.##8. Chun Y, Ha PT, Powell L, Lee J, Kim D, Choi D, et al. Exploring microbial communities and differences of cartridge filters (CFs) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes for seawater desalination processes. Desalination. 2012;298:85-92.##9. Blanco Gálvez J, García-Rodríguez L, Martín-Mateos I. Seawater desalination by an innovative solar-powered membrane distillation system: the MEDESOL project. Desalination. 2009;246(1–3):567-576.##10. Elimelech M, Phillip WA. The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. Science. 2011; 333(6043): 712-717.##11. Werner CM, Logan BE, Saikaly PE, Amy GL. Wastewater treatment, energy recovery and desalination using a forward osmosis membrane in an air-cathode microbial osmotic fuel cell. J Membrane Sci. 2013; 428: 116-122.##12. Kim Y, Logan BE. Microbial desalination cells for energy production and desalination. Desalination. 2013;308:122-130.##13. Luo H, Xu P, Jenkins PE, Ren Z. Ionic composition and transport mechanisms in microbial desalination cells. J Membrane Sci. 2012; 409– 410:16-23.##14. Yang Q, Feng Y, Logan BE. Using cathode spacers to minimize reactor size in air cathode microbial fuel cells. Bioresour Technol. 2012;110: 273-277.##15. Yu D-y, Wang G, Xu F-c, Chen L-m. Constitution and Optimization on the Performance of Microbial Fuel Cell Based on Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria. Energy Procedia. 2012; 16, Part C:1664-1670.##16. Quan X-c, Quan Y-p, Tao K. Effect of anode aeration on the performance and microbial community of an air–cathode microbial fuel cell. Chem Eng J. 2012; 210:150-156.##17. Yadav AK, Dash P, Mohanty A, Abbassi R, Mishra BK. Performance assessment of innovative constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell for electricity production and dye removal. Ecol Eng. 2012;47:126-131.##18. Mohan SV, Srikanth S. Enhanced wastewater treatment efficiency through microbially catalyzed oxidation and reduction: Synergistic effect of biocathode microenvironment. Bioresour Technol. 2011; 102 (22): 10210-1220.##19. Kiely PD, Cusick R, Call DF, Selembo PA, Regan JM, Logan BE. Anode microbial communities produced by changing from microbial fuel cell to microbial electrolysis cell operation using two different wastewaters. Bioresour Technol. 2011; 102 (1): 388-394.##20. Li WW, Sheng GP, Liu XW, Yu HQ. Recent advances in the separators for microbial fuel cells. Bioresour Technol. 2011; 102(1): 244-252.##21. Oh ST, Kim JR, Premier GC, Lee TH, Kim C, Sloan WT. Sustainable wastewater treatment: How might microbial fuel cells contribute. Biotechnol Adv. 2010;28(6):871-881.##22. Yousefi Z, Zazouli MA, Mohamadpur Tahamtan RA, Ghorbanian Aleh Abad M. The Effect of Anaerobic Baffled Reactor Modified by Anaerobic Filter (ABR-AF) on Solid Waste Leachate Treatment. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2012; 21(86):27-36.##23. Cao X, Huang X, Liang P, Xiao K, Zhou Y, Zhang X, et al. A new method for water desalination using microbial desalination cells. Environ Sci Technol. 2009; 43(18): 7148-7152.##24. Kim Y, Logan BE. Series assembly of microbial desalination cells containing stacked electrodialysis cells for partial or complete seawater desalination. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45(13):5840-5845.##25. Kim Y, Logan BE. Simultaneous removal of organic matter and salt ions from saline wastewater in bioelectrochemical systems. Desalination. 2013;308:115-121.##26. Brastad KS, He Z. Water softening using microbial desalination cell technology. Desalination. 2013;309 :32-37.##27. Kokabian B, Gude VG. Photosynthetic microbial desalination cells (PMDCs) for clean energy, water and biomass production. Environ Sci Processes Impacts. 2013;15(12):2178-2185.##28. Qu Y, Feng Y, Wang X, Liu J, Lv J, He W, et al. Simultaneous water desalination and electricity generation in a microbial desalination cell with electrolyte recirculation for pH control. Bioresour Technol. 2012;106(8):94-99.##29. Qu Y, Feng Y, Wang X, Liu J, Lv J, He W, et al. Simultaneous water desalination and electricity generation in a microbial desalination cell with electrolyte recirculation for pH control. Bioresour Technol. 2012; 106(8):94-99.##30. Rice EW, Baird RB, Eaton AD, Clesceri LS. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 22nd ed. American Public Health Association: Washington DC. 2012.##31. Jia Q, Wei L, Han H, Shen J. Factors that influence the performance of two-chamber microbial fuel cell. Int J Hydrogen Energ . 2014;39(25):13687-13693.##32. Asadi Ghalhari M, Mehrdadi N, Nabi Bidhendi G. Simultaneous Desalination of Sea Water and Electricity Production with New Membrane Technology, Air-Cathode Microbial Desalination Cells. Curr World Environ. 2015;10(1):115.##33. Tchobanoglous G, Stensel H, Tsuchihashi R, Burton F, Metcalf & Eddy. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery, Metcalf & Eddy. USA: New York , McGraw-Hill, 2014.##34. Mehanna M, Saito T, Yan J, Hickner M, Cao X, Huang X, et al. Using microbial desalination cells to reduce water salinity prior to reverse osmosis. Energy & Environmental Science. 2010; 3(8): 1114-1120.##35. Jacobson KS, Drew DM, He Z. Efficient salt removal in a continuously operated upflow microbial desalination cell with an air cathode. Bioresour Technol. 2011; 102(1):376-380.##36. Luo H, Xu P, Roane TM, Jenkins PE, Ren Z. Microbial desalination cells for improved performance in wastewater treatment, electricity production, and desalination. Bioresource Technol. 2012; 105: 60-66.##37. Qu Y, Feng Y, Liu J, He W, Shi X, Yang Q, et al. Salt removal using multiple microbial desalination cells under continuous flow conditions. Desalination. 2013;317:17-22.##38. Zhang F, He Z. Integrated organic and nitrogen removal with electricity generation in a tubular dual-cathode microbial fuel cell. Process Biochem. 2012;47(12):2146-2151.##39. He Z, Huang Y, Manohar AK, Mansfeld F. Effect of electrolyte pH on the rate of the anodic and cathodic reactions in an air-cathode microbial fuel cell. Bioelectrochemistry. 2008;74(1):78-82.##40. Sajana T, Ghangrekar M, Mitra A. Effect of operating parameters on the performance of sediment microbial fuel cell treating aquaculture water. Aquacult Eng. 2014; 61:17-26.##41. Zhang L, Ding L, Li C, Xu K, Ren H. Effects of electrolyte total dissolved solids (TDS) on performance and anodic microbes of microbial fuel cells. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2013;10(74):16897-16908.##42. Mehanna M, Kiely PD, Call DF, Logan BE. Microbial electrodialysis cell for simultaneous water desalination and hydrogen gas production. Environ Sci Technol. 2010;44(24):9578-9583.##43. Ping Q, He Z. Effects of inter-membrane distance and hydraulic retention time on the desalination performance of microbial desalination cells. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2014;52(7-9):1324-1331.##44. Luo H, Jenkins PE, Ren Z. Concurrent desalination and hydrogen generation using microbial electrolysis and desalination cells. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45(1):340- 344.##45. Buonomenna M G, Bae J. Membrane processes and renewable energies. Renew Sust Energ Rev. 2015;43:1343-1398.##46. Jacobson KS, Drew DM, He Z. Use of a liter-scale microbial desalination cell as a platform to study bioelectrochemical desalination with salt solution or artificial seawater. Environ Sci Technol. 2011; 45(10): 4652-4657.##47. Rabaey K, Lissens G, Siciliano SD, Verstraete W. A microbial fuel cell capable of converting glucose to electricity at high rate and efficiency. Biotechnol lett. 2003; 25(18): 1531-1535.##48. Du Z, Li H, Gu T. A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells: A promising technology for wastewater treatment and bioenergy. Biotechnol Adv. 2007; 25(5):464-482.## #### ##

حذف پاراکوات از محلول های آبی با استفاده از فرآیندهای اکسیداسیون پیشرفته فنتون و شبه فنتون Removal of Paraquat from Aqueous Solution Using Fenton and Fenton-like Processes 1 1 سابقه و هدف: پاراکوات علف‌کشی تماسی، غیرانتخابی، حلال در محلول‌های آبی و مهم‌ترین علف‌کش از دسته بی‌پیریدیل‌‌ها است. علاوه بر اثرات مخرب زیست محیطی، این ترکیب کل سیستم بدن به خصوص سیستم ریوی، اعصاب مرکزی و غدد لنفاوی را درگیر می‌کند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی کارایی میزان تجزیه‌پذیری سم پاراکوات با استفاده از فرآیندهای فنتون و شبه‌فنتون بوده است. مواد و روش‌ها: در مطالعه تجربی حاضر اثر متغیرهای pH، غلظت عامل‌های فنتون و شبهفنتون (Fe2 +، H2O2 وFe3+) و غلظت اولیه آلاینده مذکور بر راندمان حذف سم پاراکوات در مقیاس آزمایشگاهی توسط راکتور یک لیتری به روش ناپیوسته مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. غلظت پاراکوات باقی مانده و میزان حذف کربن آلی به‌ترتیب با استفاده از دستگاه HPLC مجهز به دتکتور UV-visible در طول موج 259nm و TOCسنج اندازه‌گیری شد. یافته‌ها: فرآیندهای شبه‌فنتون و فنتون به‌ترتیب قادر به حذف 44/86 درصد و 53/84درصد سم پاراکوات تحت شرایط بهینه (pH=3 H2O2=29.4mM, Fe3+=Fe2+=0.9mM, PQ=0.194 mM,) در زمان 120 دقیقه می‌باشند. میزان حذف TOC در فرآیندهای شبه فنتون و فنتون به‌ترتیب برابر 15/52درصد و 45درصد می‌باشد. نتایج حاصله نشان داد که سینتیک فرآیند فنتون و شبه فنتون از واکنش درجه اول کاذب پیروی می‌کند. استنتاج: فرآیند فنتون و شبه فنتون در حذف پاراکوات دارای عملکرد تقریباً مشابه بود با این تفاوت که در فرآیند شبه‌فنتون معدنی‌سازی بیش تری مشاهده شد. این فرآیند می‌تواند به‌عنوان پس تصفیه مناسب و قابل قبول جهت حذف سم پاراکوات محسوب گردد. برای رسیدن به استانداردهای موجود جهت تخلیه پساب باید به دنبال آن فرآیند تصفیه تکمیلی در نظر گرفته شود یا به عنوان تصفیه نهایی در زمان واکنش طولانی‌تر به کار گرفته شود. 2 Background and purpose: Paraquat (PQ) is a bipyridinium herbicide that is very soluble in water. This non-selective contact herbicide is widely used in agriculture for weed control. In addition to the environmental impact, paraquat affects the entire body, especially the respiratory system, central nervous system and lymph nodes. In this study degradation of paraquat was investigated using Fenton and Fenton like processes. Materials and methods: This research was an experimental study in laboratory scale batch reactor (1L). During these processes, the effects of pH, Fenton and Fenton like agent concentrations (Fe2 +, Fe3+and H2O2) and initial concentration of paraquat in the removal efficiency were studied. The residual PQ concentration and the amount of organic carbon removal were measured by HPLC (259nm) and TOC measurement device, respectively. Results: Fenton like and Fenton processes could remove 86.44% and 84.53% of paraquat under optimal condition (pH=3, H2O2=29.4 mM, Fe=0.9 mM, PQ=0.194 mM) in 120 minutes, respectively. The TOC removal in Fenton like and Fenton processes was 52.15% and 45%, respectively. The PQ removal by Fenton and Fenton like process followed a pseudo-first order reaction kinetic model. Conclusion: Fenton process showed better performance in removal of PQ than Fenton process. So, it can be used as an appropriate and a supplementary treatment process in removing PQ from aqueous solution or final purification in a longer reaction time. 151 166 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/222017/01/92016/07/132016/11/152016/01/192016/11/122017/01/12016/10/192016/05/92017/01/42016/11/16 1395/8/26 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/172017/05/82016/11/72017/04/42017/06/62017/02/252017/04/242017/04/232017/06/62017/04/172017/04/16 1396/1/27 سحر میرزایی Sahar Mirzaei دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران مهدی فرزادکیا Mahdi Farzadkia استاد، گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران Mahdi.farzadkia@gmail.com احمد جنیدی جعفری Ahmad Jonidi Jafari استاد، گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران علی اسرافیلی Ali Esrafili دانشیار، گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران advanced oxidation Fenton Fenton like Paraquat wastewater اکسیداسیون پیشرفته فنتون شبه فنتون آفت کش پاراکوات فاضلاب 1. Rao JV. Sublethal effects of an organophosphorus insecticide (RPR-II) on biochemical parameters of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology. 2006; 143(4): 492-8.##2. Arias-Estevez M, Lopez-Periago, E., Martinez- Carballo, E., Simal-Gandara, J., Mejuto,, J.C. and Garia-Rio L. The mobility and degradation of pesticides in soils and the pollution of groundwater resources. Agriculture Ecosytem and Environment. 2008; 123(4): 247-60.##3. Zand E, Baghestani M, Nezamabadi N, Shimi P. Application guide of registered herbicides in Iran. Jihade-e-Daneshgahi Press, Mashhad. 2010.##4. Pavlovic MD, Buntić, A.V., Šiler-Marinković, S.S., Antonović, D.G., Milutinovic, M.D., Radovanović, N.R., Dimitrijević-Branković, S.I. Spent coffee grounds as adsorbents for pesticide paraquat removal from its aqueous solutions. International Conference on Civil,Biological and Environmental Engineering (CBEE-2014); May; Istanbul (Turkey) 2014. p. 27-8.##5. Kim S-j, Gil H-W, Yang J-O, Lee E-Y, Hong S-Y. The clinical features of acute kidney injury in patients with acute paraquat intoxication. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2009; 24(4): 1226-32.##6. Li C, Li X, Wang Z, Jiang C, Peng A. Serum paraquat concentration detected by spectrophotometry in patients with paraquat poisoning. World J Emerg Med. 2011; 2(3): 179-84.##7. Oliveira C, Santos, M.S.F., Maldonado-Hódar, F.J., Schaule, G., Alves, A., Madeira, L.M. Use of pipe deposits from water networks as novel catalysts in paraquat peroxidation. Chem Eng J. 2012;210(339-349).##8. CHEAH UBK, R.C. & LUM, K.Y. Degradation of four commonly used pesticides in Malaysian agricultural soils. Agric Food Chem. 1998; 46:1217-23.##9. Fischer H, Summers LA. Synthesis, polarography and herbicidal activity of quaternary salts of 2 (4 pyridyl) 1, 3, 5 triazines, 5 (4 pyridyl) pyrimidine, 2 (4 pyridyl) pyrimidine and related compounds. Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry. 1980; 17(2): 333-6.##10. Carneiro MC, Puignou, L., Galceran, M.T. Comparison of capillary electrophoresis and reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of paraquat, diquat and difenzoquat. J Chromatogr A. 1994;669(1-2): 24.##11. Hodgeson J, Bashe W, Eichelberger JW. Method 549.2: Determination of Diquat and Paraquat in Drinking Water by Liquid-solid Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory; 1997.##12. Rial-Otero R, Cancho-Grande, B., Perez-Lamela, C., Simal-Gándara, J., Arias-Estévez, M. Simultaneous determination of the herbicides diquat and paraquat in water. J Chrom Sci. 2006;44:539-43.##13. Maksuk M, Malaka T, Suheryanto S, Umayah A. Environmental Health Risk Analysis of Paraquat Exposure in Palm Oil Plantations. International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS). 2016;5(4):465-9.##14. Wang Y, Yen J, Hsien Y, Chen Y. Dissipation of 2,4-D glyphosate and paraquat in river water. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 1994; 72(1): 1-7.##15. Decision RE. Paraquat dichloride. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency. 1997.##16. Arias GS, Martinez Tabche, L. and Galar, I. Effects of paraquat and lead on fish Oreochromis hornorum. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1991;46(237):241.##17. Walker MMaL, H. K. EPAS pesticide fact sheet database. Chelsea.: Lewis Publishers; 1992.##18. Hoffmann MR, Hua I, Höchemer R. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Chemical Effects of Ultrasound in the 1995 International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin SocietiesApplication of ultrasonic irradiation for the degradation of chemical contaminants in water. Ultrasonics sonochemistry. 1996; 3(3):S163-S72.##19. McCarthy S, Somayajulu M, Sikorska M, Borowy-Borowski H, Pandey S. Paraquat induces oxidative stress and neuronal cell death; neuroprotection by water-soluble Coenzyme Q 10. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 2004;201(1):21-31.##20. Dinis-Oliveira R, Remiao F, Carmo H, Duarte J, Navarro AS, Bastos M, et al. Paraquat exposure as an etiological factor of Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology. 2006;27(6):1110-22.##21. Purisai MG, McCormack AL, Cumine S, Li J, Isla MZ, Di Monte DA. Microglial activation as a priming event leading to paraquat-induced dopaminergic cell degeneration. Neurobiology of disease. 2007; 25(2): 392-400.##22. ee S, Ameno K, In S, Yang J, Kim K, Koo K, et al. Levels of paraquat in fatal intoxications. International journal of legal medicine. 1999;112(3):198-200.##23. Hammouda OHE. Superoxide dismutase level in response to paraquat and high temperature in the cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa sp. Biologia Plantarum 1994; 36: 229-36.##24. Rainowitch HD, Privalle, C. T. and Freidovich, I. Effects of paraquat on the green alga Dunaliella salina: protection by the mimic of superoxide dismutase, desferal-Mn (IV).) Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1987;3(125-131).##25. Jamers ADC, W. Toxicol Chem. 2010; 29:893.##26. Wong PK. Effects of 2, 4-D, glyphosphate and paraquat on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll–a synthesis of Scenedesmus quadricauda Berb 614. Chemosphere 2000; 41(177-182).##27. Kosinski JRaM, M. G. The effect of four terrestrial herbicides on the productivity of artificial stream algal communities. The effect of four terrestrial herbicides on the productivity of artificial stream algal communities. 1984; 13 (75-82).##28. Vencill WK. Herbicide Handbook: Weed Science Society of America; 2002.##29. Clark D, McElligott T, Hurst EW. The toxicity of paraquat. British journal of industrial medicine. 1966;23(2):126-32.##30. Ladipo MKaD, V.F. Acute Toxicity, Behavioural Changes and Histopathological Effect of Paraquat Dichloride on Tissues of Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus). Int J Biol. 2011; 3(2): 67-74.##31. Lerdsirivichai C. Membrane technology based hybrid system to removal paraquat from agricultural run-off water. Thailand.: Asian Institute of Technology; 2011.##32. Kearney PCR, J. M.; Zeng, Q.; Mazzocchi, P. UV-ozonation of paraquat. J Agric Food Chem. 1985;33:953-7.##33. Kanchanatip E, Grisdanurak, N., Thongruang, R., Neramittagapong, A. Degradation of paraquat under visible light over fullerene modified V-TiO2,. React Kinet Mech Catal. 2011;103:227-37.##34. Garoma T, Umamaheshwar SK, Mumper A. Removal of sulfadiazine, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfathiazole from aqueous solution by ozonation. Chemosphere. 2010;79(8):814-20.##35. Maria K, Graciela, C., Zauscher, F. Biodegradation of two commercial herbicides (Gramoxone and Matancha) by the bacteria Pseudomonas putida. EJB J Env Biotech. 2002; 5(2).##36. Heringa MB HD, Beerendonk EF, Reus AA, Krul CAM, Metz DH, et al. Formation and removal of genotoxic activity during UV/H2O2/GAC treatment of drinkingwater. Water Res 2011; 45(1): 366-74.##37. R. B. Consider Fentons chemistry for wastewater treatment. Chemical engineering progress. 1995;91(12).##38. Farzadkia M, Dehghani M, Moafian M. The effects of Fenton process on the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from oily sludge in Shiraz oil refinery, Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2014;12(1):1.##39. Maciel R. Sant’Anna Jr., GL, Dezotti, M.(2004). Phenol Removal from High Salinity Effluents using Fenton’s Reagent and Photo-Fenton Reactions. Chemosphere. 57(7): 711-9.##40. YAZDANBAKHSH AR, MANSHOURI M, SHEIKHMOHAMMADI A, SARDAR M. Investigation the Efficiency of Combined Coagulation and Advanced Oxidation by Fenton Process in the Removal of Clarithromycin Antibiotic COD. 2012.##41. Wang S. A comparative study of Fenton and Fenton-like reaction kinetics in decolourisation of wastewater. Dyes and Pigments. 2008; 76(3): 714-20.##42. Fisher JA, Scarlett MJ, Stott AD. Accelerated solvent extraction: an evaluation for screening of soils for selected US EPA semivolatile organic priority pollutants. Environmental science & technology. 1997; 31(4): 1120-7.##43. Metcalf E. Inc., wastewater engineering, treatment and reuse. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2003.##44. Kušić H, Božić AL, Koprivanac N. Fenton type processes for minimization of organic content in coloured wastewaters: Part I: Processes optimization. Dyes and Pigments. 2007;74(2):380-7.##45. Mousavi A. Survey on Fenton efficiency for improve the biological wastewater treatment taking industrial detergent and cleaner effluent. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 2004.##46. Bahmani P. Study of efficiency of hybrid Fenton oxidation and biological treatment process on removal of the Ractive Black 5 dye (RB-5) from synthetic wastewater. Tehran university of medical sciences: Iran, Tehran. 2010.##47. P. B. Study of efficiency of hybrid Fenton oxidation and biological treatment process on removal of the Ractive Black 5 dye(RB-5) from synthetic wastewater. Tehran: Iran University of Medical Sciences; 2010.##48. Farrokhi MK, M; Mousavi, GR; Takdastan, A. The Study on Biodegradability Enhancement of Landfill Leachate by Fenton Oxidation. Iran J Health & Environ. 2009; 2(2): 114-23.##49. Christine A MSA, Parsons. . Removal of NOM from drinking water:Fenton’s and photo- fenton’s processes. Chemosphere. 2004; 54:1017-23.##50. Kang Y W HKY. Effects of reaction conditions on the oxidation efficiency in theFenton process. Water research. 2000;34:2786-90.##51. Parkinson A RFA, Hobday M D. UV photooxidation of NOM: Issues related todrinking water treatment. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua. 2003;52(8):877-586.##52. Hideyuki Katsumata MS, Satoshi Kaneco, Tohru Suzuk, Kiyohisa Ohta a,Yoshihiro Yobiko. Humic acid degradation in aqueous solution by the photo-Fentonprocess. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2008;137:225-30.##53. Chow C W K VLJA, Fabris R, Drikas M. . Optimised coagulation usingaluminium sulphate for the removal of dissolved organic carbon. Desalination. 2009;245(1-3):120-34.##54. Topudurtir K, Tay S, Monschein E. Advanced Photochemical Oxidation Processes. Handbook. 1998.##55. Hsueh C, Huang Y, Wang C, Chen C-Y. Degradation of azo dyes using low iron concentration of Fenton and Fenton-like system. Chemosphere. 2005;58(10):1409-14.##56. Zapata A, Velegraki T, Sánchez-Pérez J, Mantzavinos D, Maldonado M, Malato S. Solar photo-Fenton treatment of pesticides in water: effect of iron concentration on degradation and assessment of ecotoxicity and biodegradability. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 2009;88(3):448-54.##57. Farrokhi M, Mesdaghinia A, Naseri S, Yazdanbakhsh A. Oxidation of pentachlorophenol by Fenton’s reagent. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2003; 32(1): 6-10.##58. Lipczynska-Kochany E. Degradation of aqueous nitrophenols and nitrobenzene by means of the Fenton reaction. Chemosphere. 1991; 22(5-6): 529-36.##59. Wang C, Liu C. Decontamination of alachlor herbicide wastewater by a continuous dosing mode ultrasound/Fe 2+/H 2 O 2 process. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2014;26(6):1332-9.##60. Golash N, Gogate PR. Degradation of dichlorvos containing wastewaters using sonochemical reactors. Ultrasonics sonochemistry. 2012;19(5):1051-60.##61. Ben W, Qiang Z, Pan X, Chen M. Removal of veterinary antibiotics from sequencing batch reactor (SBR) pretreated swine wastewater by Fenton's reagent. Water research. 2009;43(17):4392-402.##62. Dhaouadi A, Adhoum N. Degradation of paraquat herbicide by electrochemical advanced oxidation methods. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2009;637(1):33-42.##63. Moctezuma E, González-García R, Zamarripa H, Palestino G, Oros S. Kinetic Studies of the Photocatalytic Degradation of the Herbicide" Paraquat". JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT. 2006;16(5):343.##64. Bremner DH, Di Carlo S, Chakinala AG, Cravotto G. Mineralisation of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by acoustic or hydrodynamic cavitation in conjunction with the advanced Fenton process. Ultrasonics sonochemistry. 2008;15(4):416-9.#### ##

بهینه سازی حذف رنگزای ری اکتیو زرد 147 با استفاده از فوتوکاتالیست مغناطیسی Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 به روش پاسخ سطحی در طرح مرکب مرکزی Optimizing the Removal of Reactive Yellow 147 Using Magnetic photocatalyst Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 by Response Surface Methodology in Central Composite Design 1 1 سابقه و هدف: به دلیل عملکرد نامطلوب واحدهای رنگرزی و ماهیت رنگ‌های ری‌اکتیو حدود 50 درصد از این رنگ‌ها وارد فاضلاب خروجی می شود. این رنگ ها در برابر تجزیه بیولوژیکی مقاوم بوده و برای انسان و موجودات آبزی، سمی، سرطان‌زا و جهش زا هستند. در این مطالعه تخریب رنگزای ری‌اکتیو زرد 147با استفاده از فوتوکاتالیست مغناطیسی Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. مواد و روش‌ها: برای مطالعه اثرات متقابل پارامترهای موثر در فرآیند از قبیل pHاولیه، دوز کاتالیست و دمای محلول و هم‌چنین بهینه‌سازی فرآیند حذف فوتوکاتالیستی رنگزای ری‌اکتیو زرد 147 از طرح مرکب مرکزی (CCD) در روش پاسخ سطحی(RSM) استفاده شد. از این رو تعداد20 آزمایش توسط نرم افزار Design Expert 7.0.0 Trial طراحی شد که همه عوامل در 5 سطح α+، 1+، 0، 1-، α- طبقه‌بندی شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش دوز کاتالیست و کاهش دما، کارایی فرآیند فوتوکاتالیستی افزایش یافت و راندمان فرآیند فوتوکاتالیستی در pH اسیدی بسیار بیش‌تر از pH قلیایی بود. هم‌چنین نتایج روش پاسخ سطحی نه تنها سطوح بهینه پارامترهای تجربی را نشان داد بلکه ثابت کرد نقش پارامترهای pH اولیه و دوز کاتالیست در فرآیند تخریب فوتوکاتالیستی رنگزای ری‌اکتیو زرد 147تحت تابش فرابنفش بسیار بیش‌تر از دمای محلول است. استنتاج: مطالعه حاضر نشان داد فرایند فوتوکاتالیستی با بهینه سازی عوامل عملیاتی موثر، کارایی بالایی در حذف رنگزای ری‌اکتیو زرد 147 دارد. هم‌چنین فوتوکاتالیست سنتز شده تا ده بار بدون افت قابل ملاحظه‌ای در راندمان حذف استفاده شد که نشان از پایداری بالای فوتوکاتالیست و اقتصادی بودن فرایند حذف دارد. 2 Background and purpose: Due to the poor performance of industrial dye settings about 50% of the washing dye liquor is discharged into the environment. Inappropriate discharge of dye-containing effluents is undesirable because of their color, resistance to biological treatment systems, toxic, and their carcinogenic or mutagenic nature to life forms. In the present study we investigated the photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 147 using magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2. Materials and methods: A central composite design (CCD) under response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the interaction between some parameters, including photocatalyst dose, solution pH, and temperature in order to optimize the removal condition of Reactive Yellow 147 via photocatalytic process. Therefore, 20 tests were designed in Design Expert Software (version 7.0.0). All of these Factors were classified in 5 levels +α, +1, 0, -1, -α. Results: There was an increase in removal efficiency with increase in the photocatalyst dosage of Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 and with decrease in the temperature. Under acidic conditions, the photocatalytic process was more efficient than that under alkaline conditions. The results also indicated that the application of RSM method not only helped to find the optimum levels of experimental parameters, but also proved that the role of initial pH of the solution and temperature were much more dominant than that of photocatalyst dosage in the photodegradation Reactive Yellow 147 under UV light exposure. Conclusion: Current study showed that photocatalytic process with optimization of effective operational factors, is highly efficient in removal of Reactive Yellow 147. The regenerated as-synthesized photocatalyst shows high stability and high efficiency in the degradation of Reactive Yellow 147 even after ten times of successive reuse without a significant drop in removal efficiency which makes this process economical. 167 180 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/222017/01/92016/07/132016/11/152016/01/192016/11/122017/01/12016/10/192016/05/92017/01/42016/11/162017/01/16 1395/10/27 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/172017/05/82016/11/72017/04/42017/06/62017/02/252017/04/242017/04/232017/06/62017/04/172017/04/162017/04/17 1396/1/28 سعید عاقل saeed aghel کارشناسی ارشد محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور ایران aghel.saeed@yahoo.com نادر بهرامی فر nader bahramifar استادیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور ایران N.bahramifar@modares.ac.ir حبیب الله یونسی habibollah younesi استاد گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور ایران hunesi@yahoo.com textile wastewater Reactive Yellow 147 advanced oxidation process response surface methodology پساب صنایع نساجی رنگزای ری‌اکتیو زرد 147 اکسیداسیون پیشرفته روش پاسخ سطحی 1. Arslan I, Balcioglu I A, and Bahnemann D W. Advanced chemical oxidation of reactive dyes insimulated dye house effluents by ferrioxalate-fenton/UV-A and TiO2/UV-A processes. Dyes and Pigments. 2000; 47(3): 207-218.##2. Lourenco N D, Novais J M, Pinheiro H M. Effect of some operational parameters on textile dye biodegradation in a sequential batch reactor. J Biotechnol. 2001; 89(2): 163-174.##3. Yeddou N, Bensmaili A. Kinetic models for the sorption of dye from aqueous solution by clay-wood sawdust mixture. Desalination. 2005; 185(1): 499-508.##4. Gaya U I, Abdullah A H. Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants over titanium dioxide: a review of fundamentals, progress and problems. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 2008; 9(1): 1-12.##5. Malato S, Fernández-Ibáñez P, Maldonado, M I, Blanco J, Gernjak, W. Decontamination and disinfection of water by solar photocatalysis: recent overview and trends. Catal Today. 2009; 147(1): 1-59.##6. Chong M N, Jin B, Chow C W, Saint C. Recent developments in photocatalytic water treatment technology: a review. Water Res. 2010; 44(10): 2997-3027.##7. Deliyanni E A, Lazaridis N K, Peleka, E N, Matis K A. Metals removal from aqueous solution by iron-based bonding agents. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2004; 11(1): 18-21.##8. Zhao X, Shi Y, Wang T, Cai Y, Jiang G. Preparation of silica-magnetite nanoparticle mixed hemimicelle sorbents for extraction of several typical phenolic compounds from environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A. 2008; 1188(2) : 140-147. ##9. Liu Q, Xu Z , Finch JA, Egerton R. A novel two-step silica-coating process for engineering magnetic nanocomposites. Chem Mater. 1998; 10(12): 3936-3940.##10. Wang J, Zheng S, Shao Y, Liu J, Xu Z, Zhu D. Amino-functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell magnetic nanomaterial as a novel adsorbent for aqueous heavy metals removal. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2010; 349(1): 293-299.##11. Samarghandi M R, Siboni M, Maleki A, Jafari S J, Nazemi F. Kinetic determination and efficiency of titanium dioxide photocatalytic process in Removal of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dye and cyanide from aquatic solution. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2011; 21(81): 44-52. ‌(persian).##12. Fazlzadeh M, Abdoallahzadeh H, Khosravi R, Alizadeh B. Removal of Acid Black 1 from Aqueous Solutions Using Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2016; 26 (143) :174-186.##13. Zazooli M A, Yazdani J, Balarak D, Ebrahimi M, Mahdavi Y. Investigating the removal rate of acid blue 113 from aqueous solution by canola. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2013; 22(2): 71-78.(persian)##14. Rathi P, Saxena R. K, Gupta R. A novel alkaline lipase from Burkholderia cepacia for detergent ormulation. Process Biochem. 2001; 37(2): 187-192.##15. Chang C Y, Lee C L, Pan T M. Statistical optimization of medium components for the production of Antrodia cinnamomea AC0623 in submerged cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006; 72(4): 654-661.##16. Chakravarti R, Sahai V. Optimization of compactin production in chemically defined production medium by Penicillium citrinum using statistical methods. Process Biochem. 2002; 38(4): 481-486.##17. Lin M, Huang H, Liu Z, Liu Y, Ge J, Fang Y. Growth–dissolution–regrowth transitions of Fe3O4 nanoparticles as building blocks for 3D magnetic nanoparticle clusters under hydrothermal conditions. Langmuir . 2013; 29(49): 15433-15441.##18. Lirong M, Jianjun S, Ming Z, Jie H. Synthesis of Magnetic Sonophotocatalyst and its Enhanced Biodegradability of Organophosphate Pesticide Bull Korean Chem Soc. 2014; 35(12): 3521.##19. Amini M, Younesi H. Biosorption of Cd (II), Ni (II) and Pb (II) from aqueous solution by dried biomass of Aspergillus niger: Application of response surface methodology to the optimization of process parameters. CLEAN Soil Air Water . 2009; 37(10): 776-786.‌##20. Ghasemi Z, Younesi H, Zinatizadeh A A. Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic application of TiO 2/Fe-ZSM-5 nanocomposite for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater: Optimization of process parameters by response surface methodology. Chemosphere. 2016; 159: 552-564.##21. Veisi F, Veisi, A. Modeling bisphenol a removal from aqueous solution by activated carbon and eggshell. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2013; 22(2) : 129-138.(persian).##22. Jian G, Liu Y, He X, Chen L, Zhang Y. Click chemistry: a new facile and efficient strategy for the preparation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles covalently functionalized with IDA-Cu and their application in the depletion of abundant protein in blood samples. Nanoscale. 2012; 4(20): 6336-6342. ‌##23. Zainudin N F, Abdullah A Z, Mohamed A R. Characteristics of supported nano-TiO2/ZSM-5/silica gel (SNTZS): Photocatalytic degradation of phenol. J Hazard Mater. 2010;174(1-3): 299-306.##24. Wang R, Wang X, Xi X, Hu R, Jiang G. Preparation and photocatalytic activity of magnetic Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 composites. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2012; 27(4): 125-138.##25. Kang N, Lee D S, Yoon J. Kinetic modeling of Fenton oxidation of phenol and monochlorophenols. Chemosphere. 2002; 47(9): 915-924.##26. Wang R, Jiang G, Ding Y, Wang Y, Sun X, Wang X, et al. Photocatalytic activity of heterostructures based on TiO2 and halloysite nanotubes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011; 3(10): 4154-4158.##27. Ghasemi Z, Younesi H, Zinatizadeh AA. Kinetics and thermodynamics of photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in petroleum refinery wastewater over nano-TiO2 supported on Fe-ZSM-5. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 2016; 65: 357-366.##28. Ahmadpor A، Haghighati Asl A ، Fallah N. Synthesis of Nano N-TiO2 for modeling of petrochemical industries spent caustic wastewater photocatalitic treatment in visible light using DOE method. Applied Chemistry. 2017; 12(42): 253-256.(persian).##29. Shahrezaei F, Mansouri Y, Zinatizadeh A A, Akhbari A. Process modeling and kinetic evaluation of petroleum refinery wastewater treatment in a photocatalytic reactor using TiO 2 nanoparticles. Powder Technology. 2012; 221: 203-212.## ##

بررسی ارتباط بیان ژن P16 با سرطان پستان به دو روش هیستوشیمی و ایمونوهیستوشیمی Relationship between P16 Expression and Breast Cancer Using Histology and Immunohistochemistry 1 1 سابقه و هدف: بررسی بیان ژن P16 که یک مهار کننده تومور است، از نظر بالینی و آسیب‌شناسی در سرطان پستان اهمیت دارد. هدف از این مطالعه، تعیین میزان بیان ژن P16 با شاخص‌های بافتی و پاتولوژی با دو روش هیستوشیمی و ایمونوهیستوشیمی می‌باشد. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه توصیفی تحلیلی بر روی تعداد 100 نمونه سرطانی پستان که به بیمارستان امداد شهید بهشتی شهر سبزوار مراجعه کرده بودند، انجام شد. بعد از ثابت کردن نمونه‌ها در فرمالین، پاساژ بافتی، مقطع گیری و رنگ آمیزی انجام شد. تشخیص آسیب شناسی توسط دو پاتولوژیست انجام گرفت. داده‌ها با نرم افزار SPSS16 با آزمون کای دو تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: از تعداد 100 نمونه مورد مطالعه، تعداد 82 نمونه بدخیمی (82 درصد) با بیان بالای‌ژن P16همراه بود. 18 مورد (18 درصد) از نمونه‌های بدخیمی فاقد بیان ژن P16 بود. در نمونه های غیرسرطانی (نمونه های سالم) بیان بالای ژنP16 مشاهده نشد. بین بیان بالای ژن P16 با گرید بالایی تومور ارتباط معنی‌داری وجود داشت (001/0< P) هم‌چنین بین مرحله ی (Stage) تومور و بیان ژن P16 ارتباط معنی داری وجود داشت (46/0< P). استنتاج: در مطالعه حاضر، بیان ژن P16 در بیمارانی که در گرید بالای بافتی قرار داشتند، بیش‌تر مشاهده شده است، بنابراین بیان بالای ژنP16 را در نمونه‌های سرطانی می‌توان نشانه‌ای از پیش‌آگهی بد قلمداد نمود. 2 Background and purpose: Studying the expression of P16 gene which is a tumor suppressor in breast cancer is beneficial for clinical and pathological studies. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of P16 gene in breast cancer samples using histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Materials and methods: This descriptive analytical research was conducted in 100 breast cancer samples obtained from Eemdad Shhid Beheshti Hospital in Sabzevar, Iran. The samples were fixed in formalin and sections were processed, then, the slides were stained. The diagnosis was made by two pathologists. Data analysis was done in SPSS V16 using Chi- square test. Results: A total of 100 specimens was studied in which the overexpression of P16 gene was detected in 82 (82%), while in 18 (18%) malignant samples no overexpression was found. Overexpression of the gene was not found in normal samples too. There were significant relationships between high grade tumors and stage of tumors with overexpression of P16 (P<0.001, P<0.46, respectively). Conclusion: In current study, the P16 overexpression was observed more in patients with high grade tumors. Therefore, the overexpression of this gene indicates a poor prognosis in breast cancer. 181 186 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/222017/01/92016/07/132016/11/152016/01/192016/11/122017/01/12016/10/192016/05/92017/01/42016/11/162017/01/162016/11/5 1395/8/15 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/172017/05/82016/11/72017/04/42017/06/62017/02/252017/04/242017/04/232017/06/62017/04/172017/04/162017/04/172017/04/12 1396/1/23 رحیم گل محمدی دانشیار گروه علوم تشریحی، دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار، سبزوار، ایران ایران rahimgolmohammadi@yahoo.com حسین الیاسی استادیارگروه میکوبیولوژی وانگل شناسی، دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار، سبزوار، ایران ایران Helyasi2005@yahoo.com مطهره گل محمدی دانشجوی کارشناسی. رشته زبان وادبیات انگلیسی دانشکده ادبیات وعلوم انسانی دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، ایران ایران rahimgolmohammadi1340@gemail.com breast cancer P16 expression immunohistochemistry histochemistry سرطان پستان بیان ژن P16 ایمونوهیستوشیمی هیستوشیمی 1. Lam WW, Fielding R, Ho EY. Predicting psychological morbidity in Chinese women after surgery for breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2005; 103(3):637-646.##2. Golmohammadi R, Pejhan A.The prognostic value of the P53 protein and the Ki67 marker in breast cancer patients. J Pak Med Assoc. 2012; 62(9):871-875.##3. Jazayeri SB, Saadat S, Ramezani R, Kaviani A .Incidence of primary breast cancer in Iran: Ten-year national cancer registry data report.Cancer Epidemiol. 2015;39(4):519-527.##4. Golmohammadi R, Namazi MJ, Nikbakht M, Salehi M, Derakhshan MH.Gut Liver. Characterization and Prognostic Value of Mutations in Exons 5 and 6 of the p53 Gene in Patients with Colorectal Cancers in Central Iran .Gut Liver. 2013;7(3): 295-302.##5. Dastjerdi MN, Salahshoor MR, Mardani M, Rabbani M, Hashemibeni B, Gharagozloo M, etal .The apoptotic effects of sirtuin1 inhibitor on the MCF-7 and MRC-5 cell lines.Res Pharm Sci. 2013;8(2):79-89.##6. Zhang YB, Lu HX, Zhang XR, Qin LJ, Dong GL, Sun N, etal,. The Methylation of p16 Gene Promoter in Carcinogenesis and Development of Breast Cancer. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2015;46(3):409-412.##7. Arima Y, Hayashi N, Hayashi H, Sasaki M, Kai K, Sugihara E, etal. Loss of p16 expression is associated with the stem cell characteristics of surface markers and therapeutic resistance in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer.Int J Cancer. 2012; 130(11): 2568-2579.##8. Chen C, Huang Y, Zhang C, Liu T, Zheng HE, Wan S, etal. Circulating antibodies to p16 protein-derived peptides in breast cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2015;3(3):591-594.##9. Chae SW, Sohn JH, Kim DH, Choi YJ, Park YL, Kim K, etal. Overexpressions of Cyclin B1, cdc2, p16 and p53 in human breast cancer: the clinicopathologic correlations and prognostic implications. Yonsei Med J.2011;52(3):445-453.##10. Kumar V, Cortan R, Robbins S. Robbins Basic Pathology.8th ed,Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. 2007##11. Luu TH, Michel C, Bard JM, Dravet F, Nazih H, Bobin-Dubigeon Ch. Intestinal Proportion of Blautia sp. is Associated with Clinical Stage and Histoprognostic Grade in Patients with Early-Stage Breast Cancer. Nutrition and Cancer . 2017;69(2):267-275.##12. Golmohammadi R, Sabaghzadeh F, Mojadadi MS .Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Anethum graveolens leaves on the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in the epileptic mice: a histopathological and immunohistochemical study. Res Pharm Sci. 2016; 11(3):227-232##13. Golmohammadi R, Kamalimanesh B. ProtectiveEffect of AscorbicAcid on Histologyof Purkinje Neurons of Cerebellum in Pentylentetrazol-induced Epileptic Rats. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci;2015;25(123)45-53.##14. Golmohammadi R, Namazi MJ, Relationship between Allelic Polymorphism Codon V57I of AURKA Gene and Breast Cancer. Mazandaran Univ Med Sci ; 2016; 26(135);43-50.##15. Gown AM1, Willingham MC.Willingham .Improved Detection of Apoptotic Cells in Archival Paraffin Sections: Immunohistochemistry Using Antibodies to Cleaved Caspase 3. J Histochem Cytochem. 2002: 50(4): 449–454##16. Sinn HP, Magener A, Ehemann V, Meyer A, Stilgenbauer F, Volkmann M,etal. Aberrant cytoplasmic expression of the p16 protein in breast cancer is associated with accelerated tumour proliferation.Br J Cancer. 1998; 78(12): 1661-1668.##17. Shan M, Zhang X, Liu X, Qin Y, Liu T, Liu Y, etal . P16 and p53 play distinct roles in different subtypes of breast cancer. PLoS One 2013 ; 11;8(10):e76408.##18. Schwarz JK, Lewis JS Jr, Pfeifer J, Huettner P, Grigsby P. Prognostic significance of p16 expression in advanced cervical cancer treated with definitive radiotherapy .Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012; 84(1):153-157.##19. Zhang J, Lu A, Beech D, Jiang B, Lu Y.Suppression of breast cancer metastasis through the inhibition of VEGF-mediated tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Ther. 2007; 5: 273-286.##20. Radisky DC, Santisteban M, Berman HK, Gauthier ML, Frost MH, Reynolds CA, etal. p16(INK4a) expression and breast cancer risk in women with atypical hyperplasia. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011; 4(12):1953-1960.##21. Vohra LM, Siddiqui T . Metaplastic Breast Cancer and p16 Positivity: What Does It Mean?. J Carcinog Mutagene 2015 6(6): 244.##22. Pare R, Shin JS , Lee CS .Increased expression of senescence markers p14(ARF) and p16(INK4a) in breast cancer is associated with an increased risk of disease recurrence and poor survival outcome.Histopathology. 2016; 69(3): 479-491. ## ##

بررسی شیوع سرمی استرونژیلوئیدیازیس در بیماران مصرف کننده داروهای سرکوبگر سیستم ایمنی در بوشهر، ایران در سال 1391 Seroepidemiological Study of Strongyloidiasis in Patients Taking Immunosuppressive Drugs in Bushehr, Iran, 2012 1 1 سابقه و هدف: استرونژیلوئیدیازیس یک عفونت نماتودی انسان با انتشار جهانی است. افراد آلوده اغلب فاقد علایم مشخص بالینی هستند ولی در بیماران با سیستم ایمنی تضعیف شده، در صورت عدم درمان تا بیش از 80 درصد مرگ و میر را به دنبال دارد. از این رو تشخیص دقیق و به موقع این عفونت می‌تواند از مرگ بیمار جلوگیری کند. بررسی حاضر به منظور تعیین شیوع استرونژیلوئیدیازیس در دو گروه از افراد تحت شیمی درمانی و همودیالیزی شهرستان بوشهر صورت گرفت. مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه توصیفی مقطعی، تمامی بیماران تحت شیمی درمانی و همودیالیزی شهر بوشهر در فاصله زمانی مهرماه 1390 لغایت شهریورماه 1391، با استفاده از روش الایزا از نظر وجود آنتی‌بادی IgG ضد استرونژیلوئیدس مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: از مجموع 214 بیمار مورد بررسی، 4 نفر (9/1 درصد) از بیماران تحت شیمی درمانی و 3 نفر (4/1 درصد) از بیماران همودیالیزی از نظر آنتی بادی IgG ضد استرونژیلوئیدس مثبت بودند. استنتاج: استرونژیلوئیدیازیس به عنوان یک ریسک فاکتور تهدید کننده حیات در افراد تحت شیمی درمانی و همودیالیزی مطرح می‌باشد، لذا پیشنهاد می شود این بیماران قبل از تجویز داروهای سرکوب کننده ایمنی بدن، دیالیز و نیز قبل از عمل پیوند کلیه، تحت غربالگری استرونژیلوئیدیازیس قرار گیرند. 2 Background and purpose: Strongyloidiasis is a nematode infection of humans with a worldwide distribution which is more prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. Infected people are often clinically asymptomatic, however, in untreated immunosuppressed patients, it causes more than 80% mortality. So, the accurate and timely diagnosis of infection can prevent patient's death. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of strongyloidiasis in patients under chemotherapy and hemodialysis in Bushehr, Iran. Materials and methods: We performed a cross-sectional study in 2011-2012 in which all chemotherapy and hemodialysis patients were evaluated by ELISA method to determine the presence of anti-Strongyloides stercoralis IgG antibody. Results: A total of 214 individuals were studied from whom 4 (1.9%) patients under chemotherapy and 3 (1.4%) hemodialysis patients were positive for IgG antibody. Conclusion: Strongyloidiasis is as a life-threatening risk factor in people under chemotherapy and hemodialysis, therefore, strongyloidiasis screening is suggested in these patients before administering immunosuppressive drugs, dialysis, and kidney transplant. 187 191 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/222017/01/92016/07/132016/11/152016/01/192016/11/122017/01/12016/10/192016/05/92017/01/42016/11/162017/01/162016/11/52016/10/17 1395/7/26 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/172017/05/82016/11/72017/04/42017/06/62017/02/252017/04/242017/04/232017/06/62017/04/172017/04/162017/04/172017/04/122017/03/7 1395/12/17 مرادعلی فولادوند Moradali Fouladvand . دانشیار گروه میکروب شناسی و انگل شناسی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بوشهر ایران mfooladvand39@yahoo.com افشین برازش Afshin Barazesh مربی گروه میکروب شناسی و انگل شناسی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بوشهر ایران afshin914@gmail.com رحیم طهماسبی Rahim Tahmasebi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بوشهر ایران rahimtahmasebi@yahoo.com strongyloidiasis chemotherapy hemodialysis Bushehr Iran استرونژیلوئیدیازیس همودیالیزی شیمی درمانی بوشهر ایران 1. Miller A, Smith ML, Judd JA, Speare R. Strongyloides stercoralis?: Systematic review of barriers to controlling strongyloidiasis for Australian indigenous communities. PloS Negl Trop Dis. 2014; 8 (9): e3141.##2. Schar F, Trostdorf U, Giardina F, Khieu V, Muth S, Marti H, et al. Strongyloides stercoralis: Global distribution and risk factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013; 7 (7): e2288.##3. Siddiqui A A, Berk S L. Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Travel Medicine . CID. 2001; 33: 1040-1047.##4. Rouhani S, Mahmoudi M, Kazemi B, Khazan H. Identification of filariform larva (L3) proteins of Strongyloides stercoralis by western blot. Research in Medicine. 2007; 31 (4): 311-315.##5. Agrawal V, Agarwala T, Ghoshalb UC. Intestinal strongyloidiasis: a diagnosis frequently missed in the tropics. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009; 103(3): 242-246.##6. Vaiyavatjamai P, Boitano JJ, Techasintana P, Tungtrongchitr A. Immunocompromised group differences in the presentation of intestinal strongyloidiasis. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2008; 61 (1): 5-8.##7. Ahmadi M, Beigom Kia E, Rezaeian M, Hosseini M, Kamranrashani B, Tarighi F. Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis and other intestinal parasites in rehabilitation centers in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2015; 25 (130): 1-7.##8. Rasti S, Arbabi M, Hoshyar H. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among the geriatric and disabled in Golabchi center of Kashan during 2006-2007. Feyz. 2009; 12 (4): 78-82.##9. Nilforoushan MR, Kia EB, Mirhendi H, Rezaei S, Moubedi I, Maraghi S. Strongyloidiasis hyperinfection syndrome in Khuzestan province, southwest Iran and molecular characterization of isolates recovered from the patients. Iran J Infect Dis Trop Med. 2007; 12 (36): 45-48.##10. Bon B, Houze S, Talabani H, Magne D, Belkadi G, Develoux M, et al. Evaluation of a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of strongyloidiasis. J Clin Microbiol. 2010; 48(5): 1716–1719.##11. Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LE , Wallinga JA, Ruijs GJ , Bruins MJ, Verweij JJ. Parasitological diagnosis combining an internally controlled real-time PCR assay for the detection of four protozoa in stool samples with a testing algorithm for microscopy. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009; 15(9): 869–874.##12. Speare R, Durrheim DN. Strongyloides serology--useful for diagnosis and management of strongyloidiasis in rural indigenous populations, but important gaps in knowledge remain. Rural Remote Health. 2004; 4 (4): 264.##13. Doorn HRV, Koelewijn R, Hofwegen H, Gilis H, Jose CFM, Wetsteyn JCFM, et al. Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and dipstick assay for detection of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in humans. J Clin Microbiol. 2007; 45(2): 438–442.##14. Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, Sequi M, Mejia R, Cimino RO, Krolewiecki AJ, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of five serologic tests for Strongyloides stercoralis infection. PloS Negl Trop Dis. 2014; 8 (1): e2640.##15. Pak BJ, Vasquez-Camargo F, Kalinichenko E, Chiodini PL, Nutman TB, Tanowitz HB, et al. Development of a rapid serological assay for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis using a novel diffraction-based biosensor technology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014; 8 (8): e3002.##16. Nobakht Haghighi A, Sadr Noori B. Comparison of ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence and mycological method for detection of Strongyloides stercoralis infection among hemodialysis and renal transplantation patients . FEYZ . 2000; 4 (3): 23-31.##17. Machado ER , Teixeira EM , Paula FM , Goncalves Pires MR , Ueta MT, Costa- Cruz JM. Immunoparasitological diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis in garbage collectors in Uberlândia, MQ Brazil. Parasitol Latinoam. 2007; 62(3-4): 180-182.## ##

مرگ و میر مادری در ایران: تحقق آرمان ۵ اهداف توسعه هزاره Maternal Mortality in Iran: Realization of the Millennium Development Goals 1 1 سابقه و هدف: کاهش میزان مرگ و میر مادری به سه چهارم در فاصله سال های ۱۹۹۰ تا ۲۰۱۵ محتوی هدف پنجم اعلامیه توسعه هزاره در سال ۲۰۰۰ بوده است و همه کشورها متعهد به تحقق این هدف شده بودند. این مطالعه به منظور بررسی میزان دستیابی ایران به این هدف انجام شد. مواد و روش‌ها: داده‌های مطالعه از منابع اطلاعاتی داخلی و بین‌المللی شامل گزارش جهانی روند مرگ و میر مادری سازمان ملل، پایگاه داده های بانک جهانی، سازمان بهداشت جهانی و یونیسف منابع اصلی بین‌المللی و نظام مراقبت مرگ مادری وزارت بهداشت، پیمایش‌های ملی جمعیت و سلامت در سال های ۱۳۷۹ (DHS) و ۱۳۸۹(IrMIDHS)، سالنامه‌های آماری ثبت احوال و مرکز آمار ایران استخراج شدند و با استفاده از روش‌های آمار توصیفی در نرم افزار Excel مورد تجزیه و تحلیل شدند قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: یافته‌های این مطالعه نشان داد جمهوری اسلامی ایران در فاصله سال‌های ۱۹۹۰2015-1990-۲۰۱۵ با کاهش متوسط سالانه ۴/۶ درصد و در مجموع ۸۰ درصدی در مرگ و میر مادری طی ۲۵ سال، یکی از ۹ کشوری است که به طور کامل به هدف پنجم توسعه هزاره دست یافته است. استنتاج: تلاش هماهنگ جمهوری اسلامی ایران برای کاهش مرگ و میر مادری طی 25 سال اخیر می تواند راهنما و الهام بخش برای سایر کشورها در جهت کاهش اساسی مرگ‌های قابل اجتناب مادری باشد. 2 Background and purpose: Reducing maternal mortality by 75% between 1990 and 2015 was the fifth goal of the Millennium Development Goals Declaration in 2000 (MDG 5) and all countries were committed to achieve this goal. This study aimed to assess Iran’s success in achieving this target. Materials and methods: Data was obtained from national data sources and international reports or estimations including World Report from United Nations on maternal mortality trends, the World Bank database, World Health Organization and UNICEF reports, Maternal Mortality Surveillance System, Demographic and Health Surveys 2000 and 2010, and yearbooks of National Organization for Civil Registration and Statistical Center of Iran. Data was analyzed using Excel software to produce descriptive statistics. Results: Findings showed that Islamic Republic of Iran with an average annual reduction of 6.4% between 1990 and 2015 and a total reduction of 80% in maternal mortality during the past 25 years is one of the nine countries that have fully achieved the fifth Millennium Development Goal. Conclusion: Coordinated efforts of Iran for reducing maternal mortality during the last 25 years could be an inspiration for other countries to reduce preventable maternal mortality. 192 196 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/222017/01/92016/07/132016/11/152016/01/192016/11/122017/01/12016/10/192016/05/92017/01/42016/11/162017/01/162016/11/52016/10/172016/12/1 1395/9/11 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/172017/05/82016/11/72017/04/42017/06/62017/02/252017/04/242017/04/232017/06/62017/04/172017/04/162017/04/172017/04/122017/03/72017/04/12 1396/1/23 احسان زارعی Ehsan Zarei گروه بهداشت عمومی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران zarei_1980@yahoo.com اردشیر خسروی Ardeshir Khosravi مرکز مدیریت شبکه، معاونت بهداشت، وزارت بهداشت درمان و آموزش پزشکی، تهران، ایران ایران khabirirkh@gmail.com محمداسماعیل مطلق Mohammad Esmaiel Motlagh دفتر سلامت جمعیت، خانواده و مدارس، معاونت بهداشت، وزارت بهداشت درمان و آموزش پزشکی، تهران، ایران ایران rahimiazam@yahoo.com نهضت امامی افشار Nehzat Emami Afshar دفتر سلامت جمعیت، خانواده و مدارس، معاونت بهداشت، وزارت بهداشت درمان و آموزش پزشکی، تهران، ایران ایران emamiafshar@yahoo.com اعظم دخت رحیمی Azamdokht Rahimi دفتر سلامت جمعیت، خانواده و مدارس، معاونت بهداشت، وزارت بهداشت درمان و آموزش پزشکی، تهران، ایران ایران memotlagh@health.gov.ir فرحناز ترکستانی Farahnaz Torkestani دفتر سلامت جمعیت، خانواده و مدارس، معاونت بهداشت، وزارت بهداشت درمان و آموزش پزشکی، تهران، ایران ایران torkestanif@yahoo.com محمد اسلامی Mohammad Eslami دفتر سلامت جمعیت، خانواده و مدارس، معاونت بهداشت، وزارت بهداشت درمان و آموزش پزشکی، تهران، ایران ایران eslamim@gmail.com آزاده درمیانی Azadeh Dormiani مرکز مدیریت شبکه، معاونت بهداشت، وزارت بهداشت درمان و آموزش پزشکی، تهران، ایران ایران azade.dormiani@gmail.com رقیه خبیری Roqayeh Khabiri . موسسه ملی تحقیقات سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، ایران 5. مرکزتحقیقات مدیریت خدمات بهداشتی و درمانی تبریز، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، ایران ایران khosravi-a@health.gov.ir maternal mortality primary health care Millennium Development Goals مرگ و میر مادری مراقبت‌های بهداشتی اولیه اهداف توسعه هزاره 1. Moazzeni MS. Maternal mortality in the Islamic Republic of Iran: on track and in transition. Matern Child Health J. 2013; 17(4): 577-580.##2. Prinsley S. What next for maternal mortality in a post-MDG world? Student BMJ. 2015 (23): h3179.##3. Tirkesh F, Bahrami N, Bahrami S. Assessment of Achievement to Improving Maternal Health from Third Millennium Development Goal in Dezful University of Medical Sciences. Community Health. 2015; 2(2): 27-34.##4. The United Nations. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ##5. Alkema L, Chou D, Hogan D, Zhang S, Moller A-B, Gemmill A, et al. Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group. Lancet. 2016; 387(10017): 462-474.##6. Azemikhah A, Amirkhani M, Jalilvand P, Afshar NE, Radpooyan L, Changizi N. National maternal mortality surveillance system in Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2009;38(Suppl. 1):90-92.##7. The National Organization for Civil Registration of Iran . Population and Vital Statistics Reports. 2014.##8. Statistical Centre of Iran. Selected Findings of the 2011 National Population and Housing Census 2011.##9. Ministry of Health. Iran demographic and health survey DHS. Tehran: UNICEF; 2000.##10. Rashidian A, Khosravi A, Khabiri R, Khodayari E, Elahi E, Arab M, et al. Health Observatory: First Report I.R.Iran Multiple-Indicator Demographic and Health Survey 2010. Tehran: Ministry of Health; 2012.##11. World Health Organization(WHO). Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2015. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.##12. UNICEF. Iran Statistics 2016.##13. World Health Organization(WHO). Maternal and reproductive health, 2016.##14. The World Bank. Country Data: I.R.Iran 2016.##15. Maternal Health Directorate (Ministry of Health). National Maternal Mortality Surveillance System Report 1990-2014.##16. Khabiri R, Khosravi A, Elahi E, Khodayari E, Rashidian A. Maternal Health Care based on Iran' Multiple Indicator Demographic and Health Survey (IrMIDHS-2010). Hakim. 2014;17(1):67-77.##17. Kamiabi F, Torkestani F, Abedini M, Haji-Maghsoudi S, Rastegari A, Hejazi S, et al. Analysis of the Maternal Mortality in Iran, 2007-2012. J Kerman Univ Med Sci. 2015; 22(6): 650-668.##18. Keshtkar A, Changizi N, Emami Afshar N, Hejazi S, Rahimi S. Analysis of trends in maternal mortality in Iran between 2001-2006 and assessment of its risk factors. Tehran: 2009.(Research Project).##19. Soltani H, Fair F, Hakimi S. Reduction in global maternal mortality rate 1990–2012: Iran as a case example. Midwifery. 2015; 31(2): 271- 273.##20. Gaffey MF, Das JK, Bhutta ZA. Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5: past and future progress. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015;20(5): 285-## ##

ارزیابی برون تنی اثرات عصاره هیدرو الکلی برگ گیاه سلمه (Chenopodium album) بر رشد تریکوموناس واژینالیس In vitro Evaluation of Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract of Chenopodium album on Growth of Trichomonase vaginalis 1 1 سابقه و هدف: تریکوموناس واژینالیس یکی از شایع‌ترین عفونت‌های منتقله از طریق تماس جنسی در زنان می‌باشد. اگرچه مترونیدازول داروی انتخابی برای درمان تریکومونیازیس است، اما به دلیل عوارض جانبی ناشی از این دارو، تلاش برای یافتن یک داروی جایگزین به وی‍ژه با منشا گیاهی، اهمیت فراوانی دارد. بنابراین هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی اثر عصاره هیدروالکلی برگ گیاه سلمه بر رشد تریکوموناس واژینالیس در شرایط برون تنی بود. مواد و روش‌ها: پس از تایید گیاه سلمه در هرباریوم، عصاره هیدروالکلی برگ گیاه تهیه شد. هم چنین انگل تریکوموناس واژینالیس در محیط اگزنیک TYM((Trypticase-Yeast-Maltose تغییر یافته کشت داده شد. سپس اثر عصاره هیدروالکلی برگ گیاه سلمه در غلظت‌های مختلف (5/37، 75، 150، 300، 600، 1200 میکروگرم در میلی لیتر) و در دو زمان 24 و 48 ساعت و در دمای 37 درجه سانتی‌گراد ارزیابی شد. تمام مراحل آزمایش به صورت دو سویه کور (double blind) و سه مرتبه انجام شدند و درصد مهار رشد انگل در غلظت‌های مختلف عصاره برگ گیاه مورد نظر و هر دو زمان مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که عصاره هیدرو الکلی برگ گیاه سلمه با غلظت 600 و 1200 میکروگرم بر میلی لیتر در مدت زمان 48 ساعت، به ترتیب 96 درصد و 100 درصد رشد تریکوموناس واژینالیس را در مقایسه با مترونیدازول مهار می‌نماید. استنتاج: گیاه بومی سلمه را می‌توان به عنوان یک گیاه دارویی دارای خواص ضد تریکومونایی مطلوب معرفی نمود. لذا این گیاه می‌تواند یک انتخاب مناسب برای انجام تحقیقات دارویی آینده در شرایط درون تنی باشد. 2 Background and purpose: Trichomonas vaginalis, is one the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in women. Although metronidazole is the drug of choice for trichomoniasis, but due to its side effects attempts have been made to explore an alternative drug particularly with herbal source. Therefore, this study aimed to determine in vitro activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of Chenopodium album (C. album) leaf on the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis. Materials and methods: The plant (C.album) was approved in herbarium and hydro-alcoholic extracts were prepared. The experiment was done using 24 wells cell culture plate. In each well, 200 µl of modified axenic TYM culture medium and 200 µl of different concentrations (5, 37, 75, 150, 300, 600, 1200 μg/mL) of the plant extract was added. They were incubated for 24 and 48 hours and then the plates were incubated at 37 ° C. The experiment was performed as a double blind design and in triplicate. Then growth inhibition percent (GI%) of the parasites was evaluated in both times and in different concentrations of plant leaf extract. Results: Compared with metronidazole, the 600 and 1200 μg/mL concentrations of hydro alcoholic leaf extracts of C. album showed 96% and 100% inhibitory effects on the growth of trophozoeites of T. vaginalis in 48 hours, respectively. Conclusion: C. album as an herbal native plant with ant-trichomonas activity is favorable and could be a candidate for in vivo researches on trichomoniasis in future. 197 201 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/222017/01/92016/07/132016/11/152016/01/192016/11/122017/01/12016/10/192016/05/92017/01/42016/11/162017/01/162016/11/52016/10/172016/12/12017/01/3 1395/10/14 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/172017/05/82016/11/72017/04/42017/06/62017/02/252017/04/242017/04/232017/06/62017/04/172017/04/162017/04/172017/04/122017/03/72017/04/122017/05/3 1396/2/13 هاجر ضیایی هزار جریبی Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi دانشیار گروه انگل شناسی، مرکز تحقیقات بیولوژی سلولی وملکولی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگا ه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری،ایران ایران ziaei2000@yahoo.com زهره مومنی Zohreh Momeni استادیارگروه میکروبیولوژی، دانشکده علوم-دانشگا ه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرج، ایران ایران zmomeniz@gmail.com محمد آزادبخت Mohammad Azadbakht استادگروه فارماکنوزی، دانشکده داروسازی-دانشگا ه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری، ایران ایران azadbakhtm@gmail.com نجمه نادعلی Najmeh Nadeali دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد انگل شناسی، کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگا ه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری، ایران ایران najmehnad@yahoo..com مسعود سوسرایی Masoud Soosaraei دانشجوی دکتری انگل شناس، کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگا ه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری، ایران ایران masoudsoosaraie@gmail.com مهدی فخار Mahdi Fakhar دانشیار گروه انگل شناسی، مرکز تحقیقات بیولوژی سلولی وملکولی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگا ه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری،ایران ایران mahdif53@yahoo.com اوغل نیاز جرجانی Oghlniaz Jorjani استادیار انگل شناسی پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات علوم آزمایشگاهی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گلستان،گرگان ،ایران ایران oghlniazj@hotmail.com Trichomonas vaginalis Chenopodium album hydro alcoholic in vitro تریکوموناس واژینالیس گیاه سلمه عصاره هیدرو الکلی شرایط آزمایشگاهی ##1. Silva NC, Fernandes Júnior A. Biological properties of medicinal plants: a review of th eir antimicrobial activity J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2010; 16(3): 402-413.##2. Ziaei Hezarjaribi H, Momeni Z, Azadbakht M, Rahimi Esboei B, Fakhar M, Akbarian M. Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Saponaria officinalis Leaf on Growth of Trichomonas vaginalis In Vitro. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2016; 25 (134): 52-59.##3. Morteza-Semnani K. A Review on Chenopodium botrys L.: traditional uses, chemical composition and biological activities. mazums-pbr .2015; 1(2): 1-9##4. Johnston VJ, Mabey DC. Global epidemiology and control of trichomonas vaginalis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2008; 21(1): 56-64.##5. Hezarjaribi H Z, Fakhar M, Shokri A, Hosseini Teshnizi S, Sadough A, Taghavi M. Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Iranian general population of women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitol Res 2015; 114(4): 1291-1300.##6. Workowski KA, Berman SM. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 53(supp3):59-63.##7. Malekpou A, Delnavaz Hashemlouian B. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effects of the Alcoholic and Aqueous Extracts of Chenopodium Album and Chenopodium Botrys against Candida Albicans. TJPM 2016; 1(3): 33-40.##8. Jardim CM, Jham GN, Dhngra OD. Freier,M.M Composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of the Brazilian Chenopodium ambrosioides. L J Chem Ecol 2008; 34(9): 1213-1218.##9. Kumar R, Kumar MA, Dubey NK, Tripathi YB. Evaluation of Chenopodium ambroisioides oil as a potential source of antifungal,antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity. Int J Food Microbiol. 2007; 115 (2): 159-164.##10. Potawale SE, Luniya KP, Mantri RA, Mehta UK. Waseem MD, Sadiq MD, et al. Chenopodium ambrosioides:An ethnopharmacological review. Pharmacology online 2008; 2: 272-286.##11. Kishore N, Chansouria JPN, Dubey NK. Antidermatophytic action of the essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides and an ointment prepared from it. India Phytother Res .1999; 10 (5): 453-455.##12. Chekem MS, Lunga PK, Tamokou JD, Kuiate JR, Tane P, Vilarem G, etal. Antifungal properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides essential oil against Candida species. Pharmaceuticals. 2010;3(9):2900-## ##

دیابت بارداری،افق‌ها و چالش‌ها از دیدگاه علم تغذیه: مقاله مروری Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Challenges from the Perspective of Nutrition Science: A Review Article 1 1 دیابت حاملگی به‌عنوان اصلی‌ترین اختلال متابولیک دوران بارداری روند رو به رشدی را در سال‌های اخیر ازنظر شیوع داشته است. امروزه شرایط متابولیک محیط داخل رحمی، عامل خطر حیاتی برای ابتلا به دیابت و بیماری‌های قلبی-عروقی محسوب می‌شود. شواهد این برنامه‌ریزی جنینی و سهم آن به‌عنوان یکی از ریشه‌های تکاملی بیماری‌های انسانی، یکی از مهم‌ترین دلایل اهمیت حیاتی بهبود کنترل متابولیسم گلوکز در مادر باردار، تعیین سایر مواد مغذی، تأکید بر اقدامات کاهش وزن قبل از بارداری، مصرف رژیم غذایی سالم و پیش‌گیری از وزن‌گیری بیش‌ازحد در دوران بارداری است. درمان پزشکی تغذیه‌ای درمان اولیه دیابت بارداری است و مشکل چاقی به‌عنوان چالش بزرگ در مشاوره بیماران و اقدامات مداخله‌ای در دوران بارداری می‌باشد. جمعیت در حال حاضر دنیا، شامل نسبت بالاتر از زنانی است که شاخص توده بدنی قبل از بارداری و وزن‌گیری حین بارداری آن‌ها در تمام زیرگروه‌های جمعیتی افزایش یافته است. در مقاله حاضر سعی بر آن شده است که به‌صورت اجمالی، مطالعات دریافت غذایی و مداخلات رژیم غذایی بر پایه فیزیوپاتولوژی دیابت بارداری، از دیدگاه علم تغذیه موردبحث و بررسی قرار گیرد. 2 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) as the main metabolic disorder in pregnancy has had an increasing prevalence in recent years. Nowadays intrauterine metabolic condition is considered as a critical risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Evidence of fetal programming and its contribution as one of the evolutionary roots of human diseases provides a reason for improvements in controlling glucose metabolism in pregnant women, determining other nutrients, weight loss prior to pregnancy, having healthy diet, and preventing excessive weight gain during pregnancy. Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) is the initial treatment of GDM and obesity is a major challenge for dietary intervention during pregnancy consultations. Today, a high proportion of women are seen with high body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy and higher weight gain during pregnancy. In this paper, we provide a brief review on dietary intake and dietary interventions in GDM from the perspective of nutrition science scrutinizing the physiopathology and etiology of the disease. 202 224 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/222017/01/92016/07/132016/11/152016/01/192016/11/122017/01/12016/10/192016/05/92017/01/42016/11/162017/01/162016/11/52016/10/172016/12/12017/01/32016/12/24 1395/10/4 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/172017/05/82016/11/72017/04/42017/06/62017/02/252017/04/242017/04/232017/06/62017/04/172017/04/162017/04/172017/04/122017/03/72017/04/122017/05/32017/04/22 1396/2/2 Majid مجید Majid Hajifaraji دانشیار، دپارتمان برنامه‌ریزی و سیاست گزاری تغذیه، انستیتو تحقیقات تغذیه و صنایع غذایی کشور، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران ندا دولت خواه Neda Dolatkhah تبریز- خیابان گلگشت، مرکز آموزشی درمانی امام رضا(ع)، مرکز تحقیقات طب فیزیکی و توان‌بخشی ایران neda_dolatkhah@yahoo.com pregnancy gestational diabetes mellitus medical nutrition therapy body mass index بارداری دیابت بارداری درمان پزشکی تغذیه‌ای شاخص توده بدنی ##1. Barbour LA, McCurdy CE, Hernandez TL, Kirwan JP, Catalano PM, Friedman JE. Cellular mechanisms for insulin resistance in normal pregnancy and gestational diabetes. Diabetes care. 2007; 30(Suppl 2):S112-S119.##2. Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Rouse DJ, Spong CY. Williams Obstetrics. 24th ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill; 2014.##3. Gilmartin AB, Ural SH, Repke JT. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2008; 1(3):129-134.##4. Ma RC, Chan JC. Pregnancy and diabetes scenario around the world: China. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009;104 Suppl 1:S42-45.##5. Meetoo D, McGovern P, Safadi R. An epidemiological overview of diabetes across the world. Br J Nurs. 2007; 16(16):1002-1007.##6. Philipps LH, Santhakumaran S, Gale C, Prior E, Logan KM, Hyde MJ, et al. The diabetic pregnancy and offspring BMI in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2011; 54(8):1957-1966.##7. Catalano PM, Tyzbir ED, Wolfe RR, Calles J, Roman NM, Amini SB, et al. Carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy in control subjects and women with gestational diabetes. Am J Physiol. 1993; 264(1 Pt 1): E60-67.##8. Di Cianni G, Volpe L, Lencioni C, Miccoli R, Cuccuru I, Ghio A, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for gestational diabetes assessed by universal screening. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003;62(2):131-137.##9. Sayehmiri F, Bakhtiari S, Darvishi P, Sayehmiri K. Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Infertility. 2013;15(40):16-23.##10. Manafi M, Khadem-Ansari M. Gestational diabtes mellitus In iranian woman: A rising rate. Acta Endocrinologica. 2013;9(1):71-78.##11. Zamanfar D, Farhadi R, Shahbaznejad L. Neonate of Diabetic Mother, Pathogenesis and Complications. Clin Exc. 2014;2(2):90-103.##12. Catalano PM, Huston L, Amini SB, Kalhan SC. Longitudinal changes in glucose metabolism during pregnancy in obese women with normal glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180(4):903-916.##13. Buchanan TA, Xiang A, Kjos SL, Watanabe R. What Is Gestational Diabetes? Diabetes Care. 2007;30(Suppl 2):S105-S11.##14. Ategbo JM, Grissa O, Yessoufou A, Hichami A, Dramane KL, Moutairou K, et al. Modulation of adipokines and cytokines in gestational diabetes and macrosomia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(10):4137-4143.##15. Keely E, Barbour LA. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc 2000.##16. Kuhl C. Insulin secretion and insulin resistance in pregnancy and GDM. Implications for diagnosis and management. Diabetes. 1991;40 (Suppl 2):18-24.##17. Ben-Haroush A, Yogev Y, Hod M. Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus and its association with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2004;21(2):103-113.##18. Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2003;26 Suppl 1:S5-20.##19. mellitus Ecotdacod. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2003;26 Suppl 1:S5-20.##20. Kim C, Newton KM, Knopp RH. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2002; 25(10):1862-1868.##21. MacNeill S, Dodds L, Hamilton DC, Armson BA, VandenHof M. Rates and risk factors for recurrence of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(4):659-662.##22. Moses RG, Shand JL, Tapsell LC. The recurrence of gestational diabetes: could dietary differences in fat intake be an explanation? Diabetes Care. 1997; 20(11): 1647-1650.##23. Larijani B, Hossein-nezhad A, Rizvi SW, Munir S, Vassigh AR. Cost analysis of different screening strategies for gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2003; 9(6): 504-509.##24. O'Sullivan JB, Mahan CM. Criteria for the oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy. Diabetes. 1964; 13: 278-285.##25. Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, de Leiva A, Dunger DB, Hadden DR, et al. Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007;30 (Suppl 2):S251-60.##26. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2014. Diabetes Care. 2014;37 (Suppl 10):S14-80.##27. American Diabetes Association .Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus Diabetes Care. 2011;34 (Suppl 1):S62-69.##28. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2013. Diabetes Care. 2013;36 (Suppl 1):S11-66.##29. Langer O. The Diabetes in Pregnancy Dilemma: Leading Change with Proven Solutions. Maryland: University Press of America; 2006.##30. Hay WW, Jr. Care of the infant of the diabetic mother. Curr Diab Rep. 2012; 12(1): 4-15.##31. Hatfield L, Schwoebel A, Lynyak C. Caring for the infant of a diabetic mother. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2011;36(1):10-16.##32. Wei J, Gao J, Cheng J. Gestational diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance pregnant women. Pak J Med Sci. 2014; 30(6): 1203-1208.##33. Kaufmann RC, Schleyhahn FT, Huffman DG, Amankwah KS. Gestational diabetes diagnostic criteria: long-term maternal follow-up. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172(2 Pt 1):621-625.##34. Khaw KT, Wareham N, Bingham S, Luben R, Welch A, Day N. Association of hemoglobin A1c with cardiovascular disease and mortality in adults: the European prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 141(6): 413-420.##35. ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002. 77(1): 67-75.##36. Seely EW, Solomon CG. Insulin resistance and its potential role in pregnancy-induced hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003; 88(6): 2393-2398.##37. Hillier TA, Pedula KL, Schmidt MM, Mullen JA, Charles MA, Pettitt DJ. Childhood obesity and metabolic imprinting: the ongoing effects of maternal hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30(9): 2287-2292.##38. Dabelea D. The predisposition to obesity and diabetes in offspring of diabetic mothers. Diabetes Care. 2007;30 (Suppl 2):S169-174.##39. Di Benedetto A, Russo GT, Corrado F, Di Cesare E, Alessi E, Nicocia G, et al. Inflammatory markers in women with a recent history of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005;28(1):34-38.##40. Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Sharrett AR, Lindberg G, Savage PJ, Offenbacher S, et al. Markers of inflammation and prediction of diabetes mellitus in adults (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study): a cohort study. Lancet. 1999; 353(9165): 1649-1652.##41. Sell H, Dietze-Schroeder D, Kaiser U, Eckel J. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 is a potential player in the negative cross-talk between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Endocrinology. 2006;147(5):2458-2467.##42. Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science. 1993; 259(5091): 87-91.##43. Hayaishi-Okano R, Yamasaki Y, Katakami N, Ohtoshi K, Gorogawa S, Kuroda A, et al. Elevated C-reactive protein associates with early-stage carotid atherosclerosis in young subjects with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(8):1432-1438.##44. Wang C, Guan Y, Yang J. Cytokines in the Progression of Pancreatic beta-Cell Dysfunction. Int J Endocrinol. 2010;2010:515136.##45. Badawi A, Klip A, Haddad P, Cole DE, Bailo BG, El-Sohemy A, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and inflammation: Prospects for biomarkers of risk and nutritional intervention. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2010; 3:173-186.##46. Matteucci E, Giampietro O. Oxidative stress in families of type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(8):1182-1186.##47. Baynes JW, Thorpe SR. Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: a new perspective on an old paradigm. Diabetes. 1999; 48(1): 1-9.##48. Kinalski M, Sledziewski A, Telejko B, Zarzycki W, Kinalska I. Lipid peroxidation and scavenging enzyme activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2000; 37(4): 179-183.##49. Dennery PA. Effects of oxidative stress on embryonic development. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2007;81(3):155-162.##50. Myatt L. Review: Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and functional adaptation of the placenta. Placenta. 2010;31 (Suppl):S66-69.##51. Ryan EA, Imes S, Liu D, McManus R, Finegood DT, Polonsky KS, et al. Defects in insulin secretion and action in women with a history of gestational diabetes. Diabetes. 1995; 44(5):506-512.##52. Yessoufou A, Moutairou K. Maternal diabetes in pregnancy: early and long-term outcomes on the offspring and the concept of "metabolic memory". Exp Diabetes Res. 2011; 2011:218598.##53. Yessoufou A, Soulaimann N, Merzouk SA, Moutairou K, Ahissou H, Prost J, et al. N-3 fatty acids modulate antioxidant status in diabetic rats and their macrosomic offspring. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006; 30(5): 739-750.##54. Young IS, Torney JJ, Trimble ER. The effect of ascorbate supplementation on oxidative stress in the streptozotocin diabetic rat. Free Radic Biol Med. 1992;13(1):41-46.##55. Yessoufou A, Ategbo JM, Girard A, Prost J, Dramane KL, Moutairou K, et al. Cassava-enriched diet is not diabetogenic rather it aggravates diabetes in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2006;20(6):579-586.##56. Biri A, Onan A, Devrim E, Babacan F, Kavutcu M, Durak I. Oxidant status in maternal and cord plasma and placental tissue in gestational diabetes. Placenta. 2006; 27(2-3): 327-332.##57. Chen X, Scholl TO. Oxidative stress: changes in pregnancy and with gestational diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep. 2005;5(4):282-288.##58. Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Ventura HO. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(21):1925-1932.##59. Najmi M, Hajifaraji M, Abd Mishani M. The Effect of adipokines secreted from adipose tissue on immune function in obese subjects. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology. 2013; 7(5):887-896.(persian)##60. Lemieux I, Pascot A, Prud'homme D, Almeras N, Bogaty P, Nadeau A, et al. Elevated C-reactive protein: another component of the atherothrombotic profile of abdominal obesity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21(6):961-967.##61. Saijo Y, Kiyota N, Kawasaki Y, Miyazaki Y, Kashimura J, Fukuda M, et al. Relationship between C-reactive protein and visceral adipose tissue in healthy Japanese subjects. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2004; 6(4): 249-258.##62. Pannacciulli N, Cantatore FP, Minenna A, Bellacicco M, Giorgino R, De Pergola G. C-reactive protein is independently associated with total body fat, central fat, and insulin resistance in adult women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(10):1416-1420.##63. Park HS, Park JY, Yu R. Relationship of obesity and visceral adiposity with serum concentrations of CRP, TNF-alpha and IL-6. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005;69(1):29-35.##64. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, Dietz WH, Vinicor F, Bales VS, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA. 2003; 289(1): 76-79.##65. Festa A, D'Agostino R Jr, Tracy RP, Haffner SM. Elevated levels of acute-phase proteins and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 predict the development of type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes. 2002; 51(4): 1131-1137.##66. Harris MM, Stevens J, Thomas N, Schreiner P, Folsom AR. Associations of fat distribution and obesity with hypertension in a bi-ethnic population: the ARIC study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Obes Res. 2000; 8(7): 516-524.##67. Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Sullivan L, Parise H, Kannel WB. Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(16):1867-1872.##68. Mathieu P, Lemieux I, Despres JP. Obesity, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;87(4):407-416.##69. Rocha VZ, Libby P. Obesity, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2009; 6(6): 399-409.##70. Torloni MR, Betran AP, Horta BL, Nakamura MU, Atallah AN, Moron AF, et al. Prepregnancy BMI and the risk of gestational diabetes: a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2009; 10(2): 194-203.##71. Endo S, Maeda K, Suto M, Kaji T, Morine M, Kinoshita T, et al. Differences in insulin sensitivity in pregnant women with overweight and gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2006; 22(6): 343-349.##72. Chu SY, Callaghan WM, Kim SY, Schmid CH, Lau J, England LJ, et al. Maternal obesity and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30(8): 2070-2076.##73. Hedderson MM, Gunderson EP, Ferrara A. Gestational weight gain and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2010; 115(3): 597-604.##74. Brustman LE, Langer O, Bimson B, Scarpelli S, El Daouk M. Weight gain in gestational diabetes: the effect of treatment modality. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015: 29(7): 1025-1029.##75. Tanentsapf I, Heitmann BL, Adegboye AR. Systematic review of clinical trials on dietary interventions to prevent excessive weight gain during pregnancy among normal weight, overweight and obese women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011;11:81.##76. Gardner B, Wardle J, Poston L, Croker H. Changing diet and physical activity to reduce gestational weight gain: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2011;12(7):e602-620.##77. Herring SJ, Oken E, Rifas-Shiman SL, Rich-Edwards JW, Stuebe AM, Kleinman KP, et al. Weight gain in pregnancy and risk of maternal hyperglycemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009; 201(1):61 e1-7.##78. Horosz E, Bomba-Opon DA, Szymanska M, Wielgos M. Maternal weight gain in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Perinat Med. 2013;41(5):523-528.##79. Drehmer M, Duncan BB, Kac G, Schmidt MI. Association of second and third trimester weight gain in pregnancy with maternal and fetal outcomes. PLoS One. 2013; 8(1):e 54704.##80. Board FaN. Nutrition During Pregnancy. Part 1: Weight Gain, Part 2: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences; 1990.##81. Gunderson EP, Abrams B. Epidemiology of gestational weight gain and body weight changes after pregnancy. Epidemiol Rev. 2000; 22(2): 261-274.##82. Rasmussen KM, Catalano PM, Yaktine AL. New guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy: what obstetrician/gynecologists should know. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2009; 21(6):521-526.##83. Chang N, Kim S, Kim Y. Physical and dietary characteristics in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Korean J Nutr. 2001; 34(2): 158-164.##84. Ji SK, Jang HC, Choi H. A case-control study of food habits and diet intakes of women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Korean Journal of Nutrition. 2008; 41(1): 41-53.##85. Chen Z, Watanabe RM, Stram DO, Buchanan TA, Xiang AH. High calorie intake is associated with worsening insulin resistance and beta-cell function in Hispanic women after gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37(12): 3294-3300.##86. Saldana TM, Siega-Riz AM, Adair LS. Effect of macronutrient intake on the development of glucose intolerance during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(3):479-486.##87. Zhang C, Liu S, Solomon CG, Hu FB. Dietary fiber intake, dietary glycemic load, and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(10): 2223-2230.##88. He JR, Yuan MY, Chen NN, Lu JH, Hu CY, Mai WB, et al. Maternal dietary patterns and gestational diabetes mellitus: a large prospective cohort study in China. Br J Nutr. 2015; 113(8): 1292-1300.##89. Georgoulis M, Kontogianni MD, Yiannakouris N. Mediterranean diet and diabetes: prevention and treatment. Nutrients. 2014; 6(4): 1406-1423.##90. Karamanos B, Thanopoulou A, Anastasiou E, Assaad-Khalil S, Albache N, Bachaoui M, et al. Relation of the Mediterranean diet with the incidence of gestational diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014; 68(1): 8-13.##91. Shen J, Obin MS, Zhao L. The gut microbiota, obesity and insulin resistance. Mol Aspects Med. 2013;34(1):39-58.##92. Tamime AY. Probiotics Dairy Products: Oxford: Blackwell publishing; 2005.##93. Mackie RI, Sghir A, Gaskins HR. Developmental microbial ecology of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(5):1035S-1045S.##94. Dethlefsen L, Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Relman DA. Assembly of the human intestinal microbiota. Trends Ecol Evol. 2006; 21(9): 517-523.##95. Koren O, Goodrich JK, Cullender TC, Spor A, Laitinen K, Backhed HK, et al. Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy. Cell. 2012; 150(3): 470-480.##96. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, Ley RE, et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature. 2009;457(7228):480-484.##97. Collado MC, Isolauri E, Laitinen K, Salminen S. Distinct composition of gut microbiota during pregnancy in overweight and normal-weight women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 88(4): 894-899.##98. Collado MC, Laitinen K, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Maternal weight and excessive weight gain during pregnancy modify the immunomodulatory potential of breast milk. Pediatr Res. 2012;72(1):77-85.##99. Santacruz A, Collado MC, Garcia-Valdes L, Segura MT, Martin-Lagos JA, Anjos T, et al. Gut microbiota composition is associated with body weight, weight gain and biochemical parameters in pregnant women. Br J Nutr. 2010; 104(1): 83-92.##100. Dolatkhah N, Hajifaraji M, Abbasalizadeh F, Aghamohammadzadeh N, Mehrabi Y, Abbasi MM. Probiotic Supplements in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Study Protocol for a Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Clinical Research & Governance. 2015; 4(2).##101. Agarwal MM, Dhatt GS, Punnose J, Koster G. Gestational diabetes: dilemma caused by multiple international diagnostic criteria. Diabet Med. 2005; 22(12): 1731-1736.##102. Poolsup N, Suksomboon N, Amin M. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014; 9(3):e92485.##103. Afkhami M, Rashidi M .Gestational diabetes mellitus. hmj .2007, 11(1): 1-12 ##104. American Diabetes Association. 12. Management of diabetes in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2015; 38 (Suppl1): S77-79.##105. Marion D. Treatment and course of gestational diabetes mellitus.Available at :http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed August 29, 2008##106. Aronovitz A, Metzger BE. IV gestational diabetes mellitus. ACP Medicine 2006. 29: 5-7.##107. American Diabetes Association.Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2003;26 (Suppl 1):S103-105.##108. Walker JD. NICE guidance on diabetes in pregnancy: management of diabetes and its complications from preconception to the postnatal period. NICE clinical guideline 63. London, March 2008. Diabet Med. 2008; 25(9): 1025-1027.##109. Langer O, Conway DL, Berkus MD, Xenakis EM, Gonzales O. A comparison of glyburide and insulin in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343(16): 1134-1138.##110. Lain KY, Garabedian MJ, Daftary A, Jeyabalan A. Neonatal adiposity following maternal treatment of gestational diabetes with glyburide compared with insulin. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(5):501 e1-6.##111. Kalra B, Gupta Y, Singla R, Kalra S. Use of oral anti-diabetic agents in pregnancy: a pragmatic approach. N Am J Med Sci. 2015; 7(1):6-12.##112. Rowan JA, Hague WM, Gao W, Battin MR, Moore MP. Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(19):2003-2015.##113. Metzger BE, Coustan DR. Summary and recommendations of the Fourth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. The Organizing Committee. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21 (Suppl 2): B161-167.##114. Association Diabetes Association Workshop-Conference on gestational diabetes:Summary and recommendations. Diabetes Care 1980;3(3):499-501.##115. Frenkel N. Summary and recommendations of the Second International Workshop- Conference on Gestational Diabetes Diabetes. 1985; 34(Suppl 2): S123–126.##116. Metzer B. Summary and recommendations of the Third International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes. 1991;40(Suppl 2): S197–201.##117. American Dietetic Association. Medical Nutrition Therapy, Evidence-Based Guides for Practice: Nutrition Practice Guidelines for Gestational Diabetes. Chicago,American Dietetic Association, IL; 2001.##118. Jovanovic-Peterson L, Peterson CM. Nutritional management of the obese gestational diabetic pregnant woman. J Am Coll Nutr. 1992; 11(3): 246-250.##119. Metzger BE, Freinkel N. Accelerated starvation in pregnancy: implications for dietary treatment of obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus. Biol Neonate. 1987; 51(2): 78-85.##120. Dornhorst A, Frost G. The principles of dietary management of gestational diabetes: reflection on current evidence. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2002;15(2):145-156; quiz 157-159.##121. Ho LF, Benzie IF, Lao TT. Relationship between caloric intake and pregnancy outcome in diet-treated gestational diabetes mellitus. Nurs Health Sci. 2005; 7(1):15-20.##122. Conway R, Reddy S, Davies J. Dietary restraint and weight gain during pregnancy. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53(11):849-853.##123. Cho AR, Kyeung KS, Park MA, Lee YM, Jeong EH. Risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus. Korean Journal of Perinatology. 2007;18(4):329-337.##124. Reader D, Splett P, Gunderson EP. Impact of gestational diabetes mellitus nutrition practice guidelines implemented by registered dietitians on pregnancy outcomes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(9):1426-1433.##125. Simpson SJ, Raubenheimer D. Obesity: the protein leverage hypothesis. Obes Rev. 2005;6(2):133-142.##126. Wolever T, Katzman-Relle L, Jenkins A, Vuksan V, Josse R, Jenkins D. Glycaemic index of 102 complex carbohydrate foods in patients with diabetes. Nutr Res. 1994; 14(5): 651–669.##127. Hoebler C, Devaux MF, Karinthi A, Belleville C, Barry JL. Particle size of solid food after human mastication and in vitro simulation of oral breakdown. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2000; 51(5): 353-366.##128. Dona A, Guilhem P, Robert G, Philip W. Digestion of starch: In vivo and in vitro kinetic models used to characterize oligosaccharide or glucose release. Carbohydrate Polym. 2010; 80(3): 599–617.##129. Nematy M, Haghani M, Akhavan R, Babazadeh S, Safarian M, Abdi M, et al. Determination of the Glycemic Index of the most popular Iranian rice - Tarom - in two cooking methods: Boiled and Steamed. International Journal of Health and Life Sciences. 2015;1(2):14-20.(persian)##130. Babazadeh S, Nematy M, Mobarhan M, Hajifaraji M, editors. The glycaemic index of 10 popular breeds in iran. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism; International Congress of Nutrition, 4-9 October 2009, Bangkok, Thailand. Poster presentation##131. Hajifaraji M, Rezvani V, Yaghoobi A, Morteza H, Maddah M. Glycemic indices of three commonly consumed foods: a clinical trial in Iranian healthy adults. Mediterr J Nutr Metab. 2012;5(3):253-257.##132. Eleazu CO. The concept of low glycemic index and glycemic load foods as panacea for type 2 diabetes mellitus; prospects, challenges and solutions. Afr Health Sci. 2016;16(2):468-479.##133. Faraji M, Leeds A, Powell J, Frost G, editors. The relationship between dietary Glycaemic Index and urinary chromium in British adults. PROCEEDINGS-NUTRITION SOCIETY OF LONDON; 2003: CABI Publishing; 1999.##134. Wei J, Heng W, Gao J. Effects of Low Glycemic Index Diets on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. Medicine. 2016; 95(22): e3792.##135. Mahan LK, Raymond JL. Krause's Food and the Nutrititon Care Precess.14thed. Canada :Elsevier; 2017.##136. Nikooyeh B, Hajifaraji M. Food supplements: opportunity or threat. Pajoohandeh Journal. 2014;19(2):60-65.##137. Tanaka Y, Seino Y, Ishida M, Yamaoka K, Yabuuchi H, Ishida H, et al. Effect of vitamin D3 on the pancreatic secretion of insulin and somatostatin. Acta Endocrinol. 1984;105(4): 528-533.##138. Kadowaki S, Norman AW. Dietary vitamin D is essential for normal insulin secretion from the perfused rat pancreas. J Clin Invest. 1984; 73(3): 759–766.##139. Gedik O, Akahn S. Effects of vitamin D deficiency and repletion on insulin and glucagon secretion in man. Diabetologia. 1986;29(3):142-145.##140. Kumar S, Davies M, Zakaria Y, Mawer E, Gordon C, Olukoga A, et al. Improvement in glucose tolerance and beta-cell function in a patient with vitamin D deficiency during treatment with vitamin D. Postgrad Med J. 1994; 70 (824): 440-443.##141. Osati S, Homayounfar R, Hajifaraji M. Metabolic effects of vitamin D supplementation in vitamin D deficient patients (a double-blind clinical trial). Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2016;10(2 Suppl 1): S7-S10##142. Sun X, Cao ZB, Tanisawa K, Ito T, Oshima S, Higuchi M. Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in Japanese adults: a secondary analysis of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Res. 2016;36(10):1121-1129.##143. zzaghi R, Pourbagheri H, Momen-Heravi M, Bahmani F, Shadi J, Soleimani Z, et al. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on wound healing and metabolic status in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Diabetes Complications. 2017; 31(4): 766-772##144. Shahgheibi S, Farhadifar F, Pouya B. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on gestational diabetes in high-risk women: Results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Res Med Sci. 2016;21:2.##145. Zhang Q, Cheng Y, He M, Li T, Ma Z, Cheng H. Effect of various doses of vitamin D supplementation on pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. Exp Ther Med. 2016;12(3): 1889-1895.##146. Facchinetti F, Dante G, Petrella E, Neri I. Dietary interventions, lifestyle changes, and dietary supplements in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus: a literature review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2014; 69(11): 669-680.##147. D'Anna R, Scilipoti A, Giordano D, Caruso C, Cannata ML, Interdonato ML, et al. myo-Inositol supplementation and onset of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women with a family history of type 2 diabetes: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36(4): 854-857.##148. Corrado F, D’Anna R, Di Vieste G, Giordano D, Pintaudi B, Santamaria A, et al. The effect of myoinositol supplementation on insulin resistance in patients with gestational diabetes. Diabet Med. 2011;28(8):972-975.##149. Lee BJ, Bak YT. Irritable bowel syndrome, gut microbiota and probiotics. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011;17(3):252-266.##150. DuPont AW, DuPont HL. The intestinal microbiota and chronic disorders of the gut. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011; 8(9): 523-531.##151. Isolauri E, Rautava S, Collado MC, Salminen S. Role of Probiotics in Reducing the Risk of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015 ;17(8):713-719.##152. Laitinen K, Poussa T, Isolauri E. Probiotics and dietary counselling contribute to glucose regulation during and after pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2009; 101(11):1679-1687.##153. Andreasen AS, Larsen N, Pedersen-Skovsgaard T, Berg RM, Moller K, Svendsen KD, et al. Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM on insulin sensitivity and the systemic inflammatory response in human subjects. Br J Nutr. 2010; 104(12): 1831-1888.##154. Dolatkhah N, Hajifaraji M, Abbasalizadeh F, Aghamohammadzadeh N, Mehrabi Y, Abbasi MM. Is there a value for probiotic supplements in gestational diabetes mellitus? A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2015; 33(1):1.##155. Roberfroid M. Prebiotics: the concept revisited. J Nutr. 2007;137(3 Suppl 2):830S-837S.##156. Meyer D, Stasse-Wolthuis M. The bifidogenic effect of inulin and oligofructose and its consequences for gut health. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009; 63(11):1277-1289.##157. Cani PD, Lecourt E, Dewulf EM, Sohet FM, Pachikian BD, Naslain D, et al. Gut microbiota fermentation of prebiotics increases satietogenic and incretin gut peptide production with consequences for appetite sensation and glucose response after a meal. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(5):1236-1243.##158. Parnell JA, Reimer RA. Weight loss during oligofructose supplementation is associated with decreased ghrelin and increased peptide YY in overweight and obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 89(6): 1751-1759.##159. Sasaki M, Ogasawara N, Funaki Y, Mizuno M, Iida A, Goto C, et al. Transglucosidase improves the gut microbiota profile of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2013;13(1):81.##160. Everard A, Lazarevic V, Derrien M, Girard M, Muccioli GG, Neyrinck AM, et al. Responses of gut microbiota and glucose and lipid metabolism to prebiotics in genetic obese and diet-induced leptin-resistant mice. Diabetes. 2011;60(11):2775-2786.##161. Neyrinck AM, Possemiers S, Druart C, Van de Wiele T, De Backer F, Cani PD, et al. Prebiotic effects of wheat arabinoxylan related to the increase in bifidobacteria, Roseburia and Bacteroides/Prevotella in diet-induced obese mice. PLoS One. 2011; 6(6): e20944.##162. Cani PD, Possemiers S, Van de Wiele T, Guiot Y, Everard A, Rottier O, et al. Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability. Gut. 2009; 58(8): 1091-1103.##163. Morrison DJ, Mackay WG, Edwards CA, Preston T, Dodson B, Weaver LT. Butyrate production from oligofructose fermentation by the human faecal flora: what is the contribution of extracellular acetate and lactate? Br J Nutr. 2006;96(3):570-577.##164. Kleessen B, Hartmann L, Blaut M. Oligofructose and long-chain inulin: influence on the gut microbial ecology of rats associated with a human faecal flora. Br J Nutr. 2001; 86(2):291-300.##165. Silverman BL, Metzger BE, Cho NH, Loeb CA. Impaired glucose tolerance in adolescent offspring of diabetic mothers. Relationship to fetal hyperinsulinism. Diabetes Care. 1995; 18(5): 611-617.##166. Nehring I, Lehmann S, von Kries R. Gestational weight gain in accordance to the IOM/NRC criteria and the risk for childhood overweight: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Obes. 2013;8(3):218-224.##167. Poston L, Patel N. Dietary recommendations for obese pregnant women: current questions and controversies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2014;93(11):1081-1084.## ##

نقش هلیکوباکتر پیلوری در ایجاد سرطان معده و کاربردهای بالینی آن در درمان سر طان‌ها The Role of Helicobacter Pylori in Gastric Cancer and its Clinical Applications in Cancer Treatment 1 1 یک سلول طبیعی ممکن است در مواجهه مکرر با عوامل سرطان‌زا، دچار جهش یا تغییر شده و به یک سلول سرطانی تبدیل شود. در این شرایط، شکل ظاهری و عملکرد این سلول‌ها تفاوت یافته و فعالیت طبیعی را انجام نمی‌دهند. مواد شیمیایی، اشعه آفتاب، امواج کوتاه، ویروس‌ها و باکتری‌ها، در تولید انواع سرطان نقش مهمی دارند. از میان عوامل عفونی و میکروبی مولد سرطان، هلیکوباکتر پیلوری، شاخص‌ترین باکتری مطرح در سرطان‌زایی است. هلیکوباکتر پیلوری عامل گاستریت مزمن، زخم معده و سرطان معده می‌باشد. در سال‌های اخیر، هلیکوباکتر پیلوری، به‌عنوان عامل کارسینوژن درجه یک در معده انسان طبقه‌بندی شده است. با وجود اثرات بیماری‌زایی این باکتری، مشاهده شده که برخی از فاکتورهای بیماری‌زایی هلیکوباکتر پیلوری دارای اثرات ضدتوموری روی رده سلول‌های سرطانی بوده و اثرات کاهش سایز تومور را در مدل حیوانی القا می‌کند. نتایج مطالعات نشان می‌دهد که این فاکتورهای بیماری‌زایی هلیکوباکتر پیلوری، ممکن است به‌عنوان یک ابزار جدید برای استراتژی‌های درمانی سرطان، در آینده مطرح باشند. 2 The repeated exposure of a normal cell to carcinogenic agents may lead to its mutation, which changes into a cancer cell. In this case, the structure and function of the cells would alter, and they do not act normally. Chemicals, sun exposure, shortwaves, viruses, and bacteria play a significant role in cancer. Among the infectious and bacterial agents causing cancer, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most important bacterium involved in carcinogenesis. H. pylori causes chronic gastritis, peptic ulceration, and gastric cancer. Recently, this bacterium has been classified as class I carcinogen (i.e., a definite cause of cancer in humans). Despite the pathogenic effect of this bacterium, it has been recently affirmed to induce apoptosis in cancer cell line and affect the reduction of tumor size in animal models. This result suggests that some factors of H. pylori can be used as a new tool in future therapeutic strategies implemented in cancer immunotherapy. 225 238 2017/06/62017/01/232016/11/222017/01/92016/07/132016/11/152016/01/192016/11/122017/01/12016/10/192016/05/92017/01/42016/11/162017/01/162016/11/52016/10/172016/12/12017/01/32016/12/242016/05/25 1395/3/5 2017/06/62017/04/122017/04/172017/05/82016/11/72017/04/42017/06/62017/02/252017/04/242017/04/232017/06/62017/04/172017/04/162017/04/172017/04/122017/03/72017/04/122017/05/32017/04/222017/04/22 1396/2/2 ندا سلیمانی Neda Soleimani استادیار، دکتری باکتری‌شناسی پزشکی، گروه میکروبیولوژی و بیوتکنولوژی میکروبی، دانشکده علوم و فناوری زیستی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران soleimani_neda86@yahoo.com apoptosis induction cancer treatment Helicobacter pylori القاء آپوپتوز درمان سرطان هلیکوباکتر پیلوری 1. Elrasheid A. H. Kheirelseid, Nicola Miller, Michael J. KerinMolecular biology of colorectal cancer: Review of the literature. American Journal of Molecular Biology. 2013; 3: 72-80.##2. A. K. El-Hawary, A. S. Abbas, A. A. Elsayed, and K. R. Zalata, “Molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma in Egyptian women: clinicopathological features,” Pathology. 2012; 208 (7): 382–386.##3. B. S. Coya Tapia, A. Elia Ishak, S. Gaber, et al., “Molecular subtype analysis determines the association of advanced breast cancer in Egypt with favorable biology,” Journal of BMC Womens' Health, 2011; 44, (11): 1472–11478.##4. I. Roy and E. Othieno, “Breast carcinoma in Uganda: microscopic study and receptor profile of 45 cases,” Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 2011; 135 (2): 194–199.##5. Kumar S, Kumar A, Kumar DV. Direct detection and analysis of vacA genotypes and cagA gene of Helicobacter pylori from gastric biopsies by a novel multiplex polymerase reaction assay. J Diagno Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008; 62(4): 366-73.##6. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010; 60(5): 277-300.##7. Hohenberger P, Gretschel S. Gastric cancer. Lancet. 2003; 362(9380):305-15.##8. Schistosomes, liver ﬂukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC mon zographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Lyon: IARK Press; 1994. p. 177–240.##9. Sokolova, O., P.M. Bozko, and M. Naumann, Helicobacter pylori suppresses glycogen synthase kinase 3beta to promote beta-catenin activity. J Biol Chem, 2008. 283(43): 29367-74.##10. Kraft, C., et al., Genomic changes during chronic Helicobacter pylori infection. J Bacteriol, 2006; 188(1): 249-54.##11. Ueda T, Volinia S, Okumura H, Shimizu M, Taccioli C, Rossi S, et al. Relation between microRNA expression and progression and prognosis of gastric cancer: a microRNA expression analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2010; 11:136-46.##12. Beswick EJ, Suarez G, Reyes VE. H pylori and host interactions that influence pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol. 2006; 21: 12(35): 5599-605.##13. Dubreuil JD, Giudice GD, Rappuoli R. Helicobacter pylori interactions with host serum and extracellular matrix proteins: potential role in the infectious process. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2002; 66(4): 617-29, table of contents.##14. Talebi A, Taghvaei T, Mohabati Mobarez A, Vaira G, Vaira D. High correlation of babA 2 -positive strains of Helicobacter pylori with the presence of gastric cancer. Internal and Emergency Medicine. 2013; 8 (6):##497-501.##15. Al-Ghoul L, Wessler S, Hundertmark T, et al. Analysis of the type IV secretion system-dependent cell motility of Helicobac- ter pylori-infected epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Com- mun 2004; 322: 860–866.##16. Gebert B, Fischer W, Weiss E, et al. Helicobacter pylori vacu- olating cytotoxin inhibits T lymphocyte activation. Science. 2003; 301: 1099–1102.##17. Hennig E, Godlewski MM, Butruk E, Ostrowski J. Helicobacter pylori VacA cytotoxin interacts with fibronectin and alters He- La cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organization in vitro. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2005; 44:143–150.##18. Soleimani N, Mohabati Mobarez A. Investigation of the effect of recombinant Neutrophil activating protein (Hp-NapA) of helicobacter pylori on proliferation and viability by peritoneal macrophage from BALB/c mice. Arak Medical University Journal (AMUJ). 2015.18, 43-50.##19. Hornef MW, Bogdan C. The role of epithelial Toll-like receptor expression in host defense and microbial tolerance. J Endotoxin Res 2005; 11:124–128.##20. Takeda K, Akira S. Toll receptors and pathogen resistance. Cell Microbiol 2003; 25:143–153.##21. Rad R, Gerhard M, Lang R, et al. The Helicobacter pylori blood group antigen-binding adhesin facilitates ##22. Yamaoka Y, Ojo O, Fujimoto S, et al. Helicobacter pylori outer membrane proteins and gastroduodenal disease. Gut 2006; 55: 775–781.##23. Prinz C, Schoniger M, Rad R, et al. Key importance of the Heli- cobacter pylori adherence factor blood group antigen binding adhesin during chronic gastric inflammation. Cancer Res 2001; 61:1903–1909.##24. Gerhard M, Lehn N, Neumayer N, et al. Clinical relevance of the Helicobacter pylori gene for blood-group antigen-binding adhesin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:12778–12783.##25. Kamiya S, Yamaguchi H, Osaki T, Taguchi H. A virulence fac- tor of Helicobacter pylori: role of heat shock protein in mu- cosal inflammation after H. pylori infection. J Clin Gastroenterol 1998;27 (1):35-39.##26. Lu H, Wu JY, Beswick EJ, et al. Functional and intracellular signaling differences associated with the Helicobacter pylori Al- pAB adhesin from Western and East Asian strains. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 6242-6254.##27. Yamaoka Y, Kwon DH, Graham DY. A M(r) 34,000 proinflam- matory outer membrane protein (oipA) of Helicobacter pylori. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 7533–7538.##28. Graham DY. Helicobacter pylori update: gastric cancer, reliable therapy, and possible benefits. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(4): 719-31.e3.##29. Ando T, Peek RM Jr, Lee YC, et al. Host cell responses to genotypically similar Helicobacter pylori isolates from United States and Japan. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002; 9: 167-175.##30. T. L. Cover and M. J. Blaser, “Helicobacter pylori in health and disease,”Gastroenterology. 2009; 136(6); 1863-1873.##31. Sicinschi LA, Correa P, Peek RM, Camargo MC, Piazuelo MB, Romero-Gallo J, et al. CagA C-terminal variations in Helicobacter pylori strains from Colombian patients with gastric precancerous lesions. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009; 16(4):369-78.##32. Jafarzadeh A, Mirzaee V, Ahmad-Beygi H, Nemati M, Rezayati MT. Association of the CagA status of Helicobacter pylori and serum levels of interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-23 in duodenal ulcer patients. J Dig Dis. 2009; 10(2): 107-12.##33. Zeaiter Z, Huynh HQ, Kanyo R, Stein M. CagA of Helicobacter pylori alters the expression and cellular distribution of host proteins involved in cell signaling. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2008; 288(2): 227-34.##34. Talebkhan Y, Mohammadi M, Mohagheghi MA, Vaziri HR, Eshagh Hosseini M, Mohajerani N, et al. cagA gene and protein status among Iranian Helicobacter pylori strains. Dig Dis Sci. 2008; (4)3:925-32.##35. Suriani R, Colozza M, Cardesi E, Mazzucco D, Marino M, Grosso S, et al. CagA and VacA Helicobacter pylori antibodies in gastric cancer. Can J Gastroenterol. 2008; 22(3): 255-8.##36. Soleimani N, Mohabati Mobarez A. Cloning, expression and purification flagellar sheath adhesion of Helicobacter pylori in Escherichia coli host as a vaccination target. Clin Exp Vaccine Res. 2016: 1 (5), 19-25.##37. Handa O, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T. CagA protein of Helicobacter pylori: a hijacker of gastric epithelial cell signaling. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007; 1;73(11): 1697-702.##38. Hatakeyama M. The role of Helicobacter pylori CagA in gastric carcinogenesis. Int J Hematol. 2006; 84(4): 301-8.##39. Wang F, Xia P, Wu F, Wang D, Wang W, Ward T, et al. Helicobacter pylori VacA disrupts apical membrane-cytoskeletal interactions in gastric parietal cells. J Biol Chem. 2008; 26;283(39):26714-25.##40. D'Elios MM, Montecucco C, de Bernard M. VacA and HP-NAP, Ying and Yang of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric inflammation. Clin Chim Acta. 2007; 381(1):32-8.##41. Ohnishi N, Yuasa H, Tanaka S, et al. Transgenic expression of Helicobacter pylori CagA induces gastrointestinal and he- matopoietic neoplasms in mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:1003-1008.##42. Moretti E, Collodel G, Mazzi L, Campagna M S and Figura N CagA-Positive Helicobacter pylori Infection and Reduced Sperm Motility, Vitality, and Normal Morphology. Dis Markers. 2013; 35(4): 229–234.##43. Talebi A, Mohabati Mobarez A. High Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori hopQ II Genotype Isolated from Iranian Patients with Gastroduodenal Disorders. Journal of Pathogens, 2014; (2014): 1-4.##44. Mao HY, Fang PC, Ye SJ. [Analysis of babA2 cagA and vacA genotypes of Helicobacter pylori in chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2003; 32(1):29-32.##45. Talebi Bezmin Abadi A, Rafiei A, Ajami A, Hosseini V, Taghvaei T, Jones KR, Merrell DS. Helicobacter pylori homB, but Not cagA, Is Associated with Gastric Cancer in Iran. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(9): 3191-7. ##46. Talebi Bezmin Abadi A, Mohabati Mobarez A, Taghvaei T. An investigation of the prevalence of iceA genotypes in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from peptic ulcer patients in Sari (2008). AMUJ. 2010; 13(3): 84-90.##47. Cover TL. The vacuolating cytotoxin of Helicobacter pylori. Mol Microbiol. 1996; 20(2): 241-6.##48. Kudo T, Nurgalieva ZZ, Conner ME, Crawford S, Odenbreit S, Haas R, et al. Correlation between Helicobacter pylori OipA protein expression and oipA gene switch status. J Clin Microbiol. 2004; 42(5): 2279-81.##49. Ando T, Peek RM, Pride D, Levine SM, Takata T, Lee YC, et al. Polymorphisms of Helicobacter pylori HP0638 reflect geographic origin and correlate with cagA status. J Clin Microbiol. 2002; 40(1):239-46.##50. Jiang Z, Huang AL, Tao XH, Wang PL. Construction and characterization of bivalent vaccine candidate expressing HspA and M(r)18,000 OMP from Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol. 2003; 9(8):1756-1761.##51. Yamaoka Y, Kikuchi S, el-Zimaity HM, Gutierrez O, Osato MS, Graham DY. Importance of Helicobacter pylori oipA in clinical presentation, gastric inflammation, and mucosal interleukin 8 production. Gastroenterology. 2002; 123(2):414-24.##52. Sugimoto M, Yamaoka Y. Virulence factor genotypes of Helicobacter pylori affect cure rates of eradication therapy. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2009; 57(1):45-56.##53. Tabassam FH, Graham DY, Yamaoka Y. OipA plays a role in Helicobacter pylori-induced focal adhesion kinase activation and cytoskeletal re-organization. Cell Microbiol. 2008; 10(4):1008-20.##54. Dossumbekova A, Prinz C, Mages J, Lang R, Kusters JG, Van Vliet AH, et al. Helicobacter pylori HopH (OipA) and bacterial pathogenicity: genetic and functional genomic analysis of hopH gene polymorphisms. J Infect Dis. 2006; 15; 194(10):1346-55.##55. Matteo MJ, Armitano RI, Granados G, Wonaga AD, Sanches C, Olmos M, et al. Helicobacter pylori oipA, vacA and dupA genetic diversity in individual hosts. J Med Microbiol. 2010; 59(Pt 1):89-95.##56. Bai Y, Zhang YL, Chen Y, Jin JF, Zhang ZS, Zhou DY. Cloning and expression and immunogenicity of Helicobacter pylori BabA2 gene. World J Gastroenterol. 2004; 1: 10(17): 2560-2.##57. Mao HY, Fang PC, Ye SJ. [Analysis of babA2 cagA and vacA genotypes of Helicobacter pylori in chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2003; 32(1):29-32.##58. Douraghi M, Mohammadi M, Oghalaie A, Abdirad A, Mohagheghi MA, Hosseini ME, et al. dupA as a risk determinant in Helicobacter pylori infection. J Med Microbiol. 2008; 57(Pt 5):554-62.##59. Lim CY, Lee KH, Cho MJ, Chang MW, Kim SY, Myong NH, et al. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in gastric mucosa of patients with gastroduodenal diseases by PCR-restriction analysis using the RNA polymerase gene (rpoB). J Clin Microbiol. 2003; 41(7): 3387-91.##60. Lee KH, Cho MJ, Yamaoka Y, Graham DY, Yun YJ, Woo SY, et al. Alanine-threonine polymorphism of Helicobacter pylori RpoB is correlated with differential induction of interleukin-8 in MKN45 cells. J Clin Microbiol. 2004; 42(8):3518-24.##61. Sokic-Milutinovic A, Todorovic V, Milosavljevic T. [Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection--bacterium and host relationship]. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2004; 132(9-10):340-4.##62. Stockler M, Wilcken NR, Ghersi D, Simes RJ. Systematic reviews of chemotherapy and endocrine therapy in metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2000; 26(3):151-68.##63. Tang C, Ang BT, Pervaiz S. Cancer stem cell: target for anti-cancer therapy. FASEB J. 2007; 21(14):3777-85.##64. Clarke MF, Dick JE, Dirks PB, Eaves CJ, Jamieson CH, Jones DL, et al. Cancer stem cells- perspectives on current status and future directions: AACR Workshop on cancer stem cells. Cancer Res. 2006; 1: 66(19): 9339-44.##65. Hope KJ, Jin L, Dick JE. Acute myeloid leukemia originates from a hierarchy of leukemic stem cell classes that differ in self-renewal capacity. Nat Immunol. 2004; 5(7):738-43.##66. Tu SM, Lin SH, Logothetis CJ. Stem-cell origin of metastasis and heterogeneity in solid tumours. Lancet Oncol. 2002; 3(8):508-13.##67. Tan BT, Park CY, Ailles LE, Weissman IL. The cancer stem cell hypothesis: a work in progress. Lab Invest. 2006; 86(12):1203-7.##68. 68.Ramis IB, Fonseca TL, de Moraes EP, Fernandes MS, Mendoza-Sassi R, Rodrigues O, Juliano CR, Scaini CJ, da Silva PE. Molecular basis of the pathogenicity in Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 2010; 48(10): 3776-8.##69. Staroverov, S.A. Aksinenko N.M , Gabalov K.P, Vasilenko O.A, Vidyasheva I.V, Shchyogolev S.Y.u, Dykman L.A. Effect of gold nanoparticles on the respiratory activity of peritoneal macrophages. Gold Bulletin. 2009;42 (2): 153- 156.##70. Teymournejad O, Mobarez AM, Hassan ZM, Moazzeni SM, Ahmadabad HN.In vitro suppression of dendritic cells by Helicobacter pylori OipA. Helicobacter. 2014; 19(2):136-43.##71. Zhang, Z.W. and M.J. Farthing, Molecular mechanisms of H. pylori associated gastric carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol, 1999; 5(5): 369-374.##72. Zhang, H., et al., Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on expression of Bcl-2 family members in gastric adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol, 2004; 10(2): 227-30.##73. Yamaoka, Y., D.H. Kwon, and D.Y. Graham, A M(r) 34,000 proinflammatory outer membrane protein (oipA) of Helicobacter pylori. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2000; 97(13): 7533-8.##74. Soleimani N, Mohabati-Mobarez A, Atyabi F, Hasan-Saraf Z, Haghighi M. Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles carrying recombinant helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2014; 23 (2) 23 (2):134-144.##75. Soleimani N, Mohabati Mobarez A, Teymournejad O, Borhani K. Modares Cytotoxicity Effect of Recombinant Outer Membrane Inflammatory Protein (oipA) of Helicobacter pylori on a Breast Cancer Cell line. Journal of Medical Sciences: Pathobiology. 2014. 17 (3), 57-66.##76. Soleimani N, Farhangi B, ashraf Mohabati mobarez , Fatemeh Etyabi VEGF and MMP-9 Gene Expression Caused by Treatment with Helicobacter Pylori Neutrophil-activating Recombinant Protein in a Breast Cancer Model. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences. 2015: 17 (3), 13-19.##77. N Soleimani, AM Mobarez, M Tavakoli-Yaraki, B Farhangi. Evaluation of nitric oxide production and proliferation activity of recombinant Bacterioferritin of Helicobacter pylori on macrophages. Microbial Pathogenesis 100, 149-153## ##