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Background and purpose: Although Taype 2 diabetes is the most frequent among different types of diabetes, the cause of it is yet to be clarified. Several environmental and genetic factors are said to be involved in diabetes and it has been established that cytokines play key roles in pathogenesis of diabetes. Expression of cytokins is different from person and in defferent societies. Studies showed that polymorphisms of +874 of IFN-γ and -590 of IL-4 regions are related to the expression of these genes. In this study, we aimed to find polymorphisms of these regions in Type 2 diabetes patients.
Material and methods: In this study peripheral blood samples were collected from 51 type 2 diabetes patients and 50 healthy controls. DNA was isolated by salting out method, using ARMS-PCR, RFLP-PCR polymorphisms of = 874 of IFN-γ and -590 of IL-4, were analyzed, respectively.
Results: Our findings showed that TT genotype of IFN- γ was increased in type 2 diabetic patients as comford with control grop but difference was not significant. Our results also have not shown any significant difference between IL-4 genotype in diabetic and healthy controls.
Discussion: Our results suggested that TT genotype of IFN- γ can be related to diabetes. This relation can be sescribed by this known Todgment judyunt thar over expression of IFN- γ shifted immune system to Th1, therefore, pancreas cells were miscarried by immune cells.

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Background and purpose: Frequent transfusions put the patients with thalassemia at risk of iron overload complications which in turn can lead to failure in the function of organs such as heart and endocrine glands like liver and pancreas. Hence, in this study, the researchers are aiming at investigating the clinical and laboratory changes of pancreas in thalassemic patients.
Materials and methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study in which 64 thalassemia major patients were enrolled and divided in two groups of diabetic and non diabetic. Ïn addition to some demographic and laboratory characteristics, serum amylase, trypsin, lipase, and fecal elastase were measured in both groups. Data were analyzed using t-test, Mann-Whitney, and Fisher’s exact tests.
Results: Significant difference was observed in the mean of the last three serum ferritin level between the two groups (P<0.05). Findings showed that diabetic and non-diabetic patients didn’t have significant differences in the mean level of serum insulin and amylase, and fecal elastase, while significant differences were observed in FBS and 2h postprandial serum glucose (P<0.05). The analysis of the laboratory tests showed significant differences in serum lipase and fecal elastase in the two groups (P<0.05).
Çonclusion: Diabetes mellitus can lead to some adverse effects on pancreatic functions in the thalassemic children. The incidence of diabetes in thalassemia is more due to tissue resistance against insulin rather than pancreatic beta cells destruction and a decline in the serum insulin level.

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Abstract Background and purpose: With aging problems will be increased and these problems affect with deferent ways. The purpose of this study is the comparison walking ability, lordosis and kyphosis angle in athlete and non-athlete elderly men Materials and methods: This study is Quasi-Experimental. The variables assessed field and visual measurement. So, 54 subject (age: 64.37±4.30 y-o, height: 1.66±0.63 M, weight: 75.20±10.57 Kg) divided in to athlete and non-athlete groups. In order to kyphosis and lordosis assessment, flexible ruler as a non-invasive method and reliable (r=84-97) and walking ability assessment maximal walking speed, timed up and go test, 10-m obstacle walking time, and 6-min walk distance were used. Data analyzing was accomplished with independent sample T test and Pearson's correlation. All of the process analyzing was performed in SPSS version 22 (P≤0.05). Results: The results of this investigation has shown athleteselderly have a higher ability to walk and lower kyphosis angle compared to non-athletes elderly. So, forward bending is decreased in athletes elderly. The correlation between walking ability and lordosis in non-athletes and the correlation between kyphosis and walking ability in both group were not significant. The correlation lordosis with 10-m obstacle walking time P=0.010 and timed up and go test p= 0.02in athlete group was significant but there was no significant correlation with 6 min walk distance p=0.792 and maximal walking speed p=0.058. Conclusion: the results emphasis on having a regular exercises in elder people because training and exercises could have good effects on walking ability and kyphosis angle.

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Background and purpose: Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) is one of the most common disorders in the group of developmental disorders. The prevalence of ASDs is 110 per 10000 individuals. The purpose of this investigation was the study of postural profile in children with ASDs.

Materials and methods: A total of 15 male students with ASDs and 15 healthy children were randomly selected. Demographic characteristics of the subjects including height, weight, age, and medical conditions were obtained using their medical records. Kyphosis, lordosis, thoracic and lumbar scoliosis, genu varum, genu valgum, and flat foot were considered as postural profile. Spinal mouse was employed to assess the kyphosis, lordosis, and thoracic and lumbar scoliosis. Moreover, in order to determine the genu varum and genu valgum callipers were used, and navicular drop test was applied for flat foot measurement. Independent sample-t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were employed to compare the results.

 Results: The mean age of children with ASDs was 7.73±1.4 years, mean height=125±11.57 cm, mean weight=30.1±11.49 kg, and mean BMI=18.13±4.17 while the mean age of healthy children was 9 years, mean height=134±4.55 cm, mean weight=33.66±9.37 kg, and mean BMI=18±4.17. The results revealed significant differences between the two groups in kyphosis, lumbar scoliosis, and genu valgum (P= 0.001). But no significant difference was found between thoracic scoliosis, genu varum, lordosis, and flat foot between the two groups (P≥ 0.05).

Conclusion: The prevalence of kyphosis, lumbar scoliosis, and genu valgum was found to be high in children with ASDs, therefore, investigating the postural profile is strongly suggested in such individuals.

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 Background and purpose: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common type of scoliosis and the most complex deformity of the spine and trunk with significant complications. In this systematic review, the effectiveness of core stability exercises (CSE) in improving this disorder is discussed.
Materials and methods: This review was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis, Cobb angles, and core stability exercise were our search terms in PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. The search was limited to articles published in Persian and English between 2005 and 2022. Researches on AIS carried out in adolescents aged 10-18 were studied. In one of the groups, only CSE was done and the size of Cobb's angle (an indicator of the severity of scoliosis) was used as one of the dependent variables. The PEDro scale was used to evaluate the quality of articles in terms of risk of bias.
Results: In initial search, 268 articles were found. After removing irrelevant articles and those that did not met the study’s inclusion criteria and also qualitative evaluation of the remaining articles, seven articles with an average PEDro score of 6.2 (moderate quality), including 297 participants, were selected. A statistically significant decrease was reported in the Cobb angle in all articles, but only in four articles this decrease was clinically significant (greater than 5˚).
Conclusion: CSE are safe, easy and accessible that can be effective in improving AIS, but there is not sufficient evidence to support this hypothesis. Further high-quality studies are required to draw a definite conclusion and making clinical decisions.