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Background and purpose: Mosquito control and personal protection from mosquito bites is currently one of the most important measures to control mosquito born diseases. The use of repellents is an obvious practical and economical means of preventing the transmission of these diseases to human. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) is one of the safest repellents, which is used alone or in combination with other repellents. This study evaluated DMP lotion, which synthesied and formulated in Iran, and Trench ointment for protection time (PT) and failure time (FT) against Culex pipiens (complex), under laboratory condition.
Materials and Methods: Tests were conducted on human subjects to determine the repellent protection time and failure time (FT) by screen cage method induced by Iranian and foreign dimethyl phthalate (DMP) lotion and Trench ointment.
Results: Our results indicated that PT of Iranian DMP against Cx. pipiens was 299 min (SE= ± 7.03), which was not significantly different from two other repellents. There were significant differences in FT among three repellents. The FT of Iranian DMP was significantly less than two other repellents. PT and FT of trench ointment against Cx. pipiens (complex) was 5.5 and 8 hour, respectively.
Conclusion: Iranian DMP lotion is comparable with foreign DMP lotion, but the formulation needs improvement to increase its repellent FT. Iranian DMP lotion must be evaluated under field condition, before usage in large scale.

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Background and purpose: Right ventricular dysfunction is common in major pulmonary embolisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and diagnostic utility of cardiac troponin I and also to identify patients with RV dysfunction in pulmonary embolism.
Materials and methods: This study was conducted on 42 patients with pulmonary embolism in Ekbatan Hospital, in Hamedan city. Data from history, echocardiogram, and lung perfusion scan was obtained from medical records. Blood samples were obtained immediately after pulmonary embolism was diagnosed. Cardiac troponin was measured using chromatographic assay.
Results: Two patients (4.8%) had positive troponin I (≥0.5µg/l), and 40 patients (95.2%) had negative troponin I (< 0.5µg/l). RV dysfunction was detected in 16 patients (38%). RV dysfunction was detected in 1 of positive troponin I patients and 15 with negative troponin I (37.5%). No significant relationship was found between RV dysfunction and troponin I level (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Our data demonstrates that troponin I measurement is not able to distinguish specifically between coronary and non- coronary causes of chest pain.

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Premature ejaculation is likely the most common sexual dysfunction in men with a worldwide prevalence of approximately 30%. Epidemiological studies, accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment and evaluation of clinical trials need a universally acknowledged definition that is also capable of operationalization. Studies have defined premature ejaculation differently. The most widely used definition is the DSM-IV-TR definition. However, the majority of these definitions are authority-based rather than evidence-based, and has no support from clinical and/or epidemiological studies. In this article, 41 articles were examined, various definitions of premature ejaculation were reviewed, definition criteria of it were discussed and classification of this dysfunction was mentioned. The results showed that multidimensional classifications and definitions using various diagnostic criteria, especially objective criteria like IELT are the most appropriate ones.

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Background and purpose: People who are deaf have poorer balance due to defects in vestibular system, which is one of the major systems of the human balance control.
Materials and methods: A pretest-posttest semi-experimental study was designed with pretest-posttest and control group. Thirty two deaf students were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group did Pilates exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Balance tests, including the BESS test, TUG test, 10 meters walking test and step length measurement were done before and after the study. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Dependent t-test and covariance analysis (ANCOVA) were run at P<0.05.
Results: Covariance analysis showed significant differences between experimental and control groups at posttest in BESS, TUG, step length, and walking speed tests.
Conclusion: Pilates exercises improved the static and dynamic balance, walking speed and step length in deaf students.
 

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Background and purpose: Vestibular Schwannoma (VS) is a lesion in peripheral vestibular system that leads to reduction of Vestibulo Ocular Reflex (VOR) gain and incidence of corrective saccades. Researches showed that the result of Video Head Impulse Test (VHIT) is positive in peripheral vestibular system disorders and negative in central vestibular system disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the results of VHIT in patients with vestibular schwannoma and patients with central vestibular system tumors.
Materials and methods: A descriptive-analytic study was conducted in 12 patients with unilateral VS tumor and 15 patients with unilateral central vestibular system tumors in Iran Gamma-Knife Center (December 2014-September 2015). The patients were selected based on diagnosis of neurosurgeon and their complaints from vertigo, imbalance, and dizziness. Assessment of VHIT was performed using horizontal and vertical head impulses. Finally, the amount of VOR gain and the corrective saccade ratio were evaluated in two groups of patients with tumors. The gain of VOR ≤0.80 was considered as abnormal criterion.
Results: Mean VOR gain in effective side was 0.38 in patients with VS tumor, and 0.96 in patients with central vestibular system tumors (P= 0.001). Also, corrective saccades ratio was 30.34 in patients with VS and 3.44 in patients with central vestibular system tumors (P= 0.007).
Conclusion: The results of VHIT improved differential diagnosis of peripheral vestibular system tumors from central vestibular system tumors.
 

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Background and purpose: Delay in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) patients with positive sputum is a main reason for spread of the disease. The present study aimed at investigating delayed diagnosis and treatment of patients with positive tuberculosis in Sistan, Iran.
Materials and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among 384 patients with positive smear tuberculosis in 2016- 2017. The information was collected from the Health Department of Zabol University of Medical Sciences.
Results: The mean days for diagnostic delay and treatment delay were 31 days and zero day, respectively. Treatment delay among patients with previous history of TB treatment was higher than that of new cases (P= 0.004).  Higher degrees of smear positivity led to greater delay in diagnosis (P= 0.003). Other factors, including age (P= 0.361), gender (P= 0.70), nationality (P= 0.29), place of residence
(P= 0.90), job (P= 0.154), and educational background (P= 0.298) had no significant effect on the delay in diagnosis. But, job status was found to have a significant effect on the delay in treatment of TB patients (P= 0.015). 
Conclusion: In this study, most of the patients with smear positive pulmonary TB were diagnosed more than one month after the onset of symptoms. But the treatment in most cases was on time. The type of TB and the degree of smear positivity could play a role in diagnostic delay.
 
 

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Background and purpose: Hypotension is the most common serious complication during hemodialysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cold dialysate on hemodynamic status of patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Materials and methods: A before/after study using a quasi-experimental design was carried out in 99 patients undergoing hemodialysis attending Rasht Razi Hospital, 2019. All patients received hemodialysis using a dialysate at 37°C for three consecutive sessions and the next three sessions were performed using a cool temperature dialysate (35.5°C). Blood pressure and pulse rate were monitored in all sessions. Data were analyzed in SPSS V16 using independent t-test and paired t-test.
Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure changes were significantly different between the two dialysate temperatures (P<0.001). At 35.5°C, the mean systolic/diastolic blood pressure changes were higher than at 37°C from pre-dialysis to post-dialysis. Also, pre-dialysis and post-dialysis pulse changes were significantly different between the two temperatures (P<0.001).
Conclusion: According to this study, cold dialysis solution can stabilize the hemodynamic status of patients during dialysis.
 
(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20080825001083N9)           

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 Background and purpose: Candidiasis is one of the most serious problems in adult and neonatal intensive care units. Molecular techniques play a key role in identifying invasive fungal infections and could be of great benefit beside other mycological diagnostic methods such as smear preparation and blood culture. The aim of this study was to detect candida species isolated from patients in oncology unit and intensive care unit in Zanjan Valiasr Hospital, Iran.
Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, we examined 154 patients between November 2017 and May 2018. Blood culture was done and PCR was carried out after DNA extraction.
Results: In this study, Candidemia was found to be considerably higher in men with a mean age of 72 years old compared with women. Also, more than one procedure in a patient, fever, and antibiotic treatments were the main underlying factors causing Candidemia. In this study, blood cultures were positive for yeast growth in 2.6% of the patients (C. albicans in 1.3%, C. tropicalis in 0.65%, and C. glabrata in 0.65 %(. 
Conclusion: Candida species are among the main causes of blood infection in patients admitted to intensive care units and death rate of the condition can approach 100% in case of late diagnosis.
 

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Background and purpose: Zinc transporter autoantibody 8 (ZnT8A) was recently identified as a novel antibody antigen in type 1 diabetes mellitus, and its positivity is associated with early onset of the disease. So the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of autoantibodies related to type 1 diabetes mellitus, especially ZnT8A as a newer antibody in children from 1 to 18 years of age referred to Amirkola Children's Hospital.
Materials and methods: In this descriptive and analytical study, 80 children under 18 years of age with type 1 diabetes referred to Amirkola Children's Hospital, Babol, Iran during the years 2013 to 2021 were included in the study. Pediatric diabetes was diagnosed based on the criteria of the American Diabetes Association and with a visit to a pediatric endocrinologist. Antibodies related to type 1 diabetes including 65 glutamic decarboxylase (anti-GAD), protein tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2A), anti-islet cell autoantibodies (ICA), insulin autoantibodies (IAA), and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) was measured from their blood samples at the time of disease diagnosis by ELISA method. Data were analyzed using t-test, chi-square, and Fisher's exact test. The significance level in this study was considered as p<0.05.
Results: Samples were 80 children with an average age of 7.9±3.6 years (57% girls and 43% boys). The level of GADA in the studied samples was 65.2%, IA-2A 58.8%, ZnT8A 56.3%, ICA 47.5%, and IAA 6.3%.
Conclusion: 93.8% of diabetic patients were autoantibody positive, which shows that by measuring the level of pancreatic antibodies, type 1 diabetes is confirmed in more than 90% of patients. Also, by measuring newer antibodies such as ZnT8A, the percentage of idiopathic type 1 diabetes cases also decreases.
 

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A healthy and vibrant society depends on the presence of citizens with a positive and motivated spirit. Achieving such a society requires that social well-being be realized as a form of mental, individual, and social health in today's communities. Given the novelty of the concept of social well-being, there is yet to be full consensus among researchers on its dimensions and indicators. The widespread interest in social well-being in Iran and globally stems from its conceptual attractiveness as it can delineate prevailing social conditions and serve as a valuable analytical tool for scholars and policymakers in this field. Disorders in social health, such as anxiety, depression, addiction, divorce, and suicide, are crucial issues in contemporary society that warrant extensive study. By investigating their causes and consequences, strategies can be proposed for their prevention and reduction. This study begins with defining the key concepts of social health and the abnormalities resulting from disorders within it. It proceeds to provide statistical insights into these disorders worldwide and in Iran, utilizing keywords such as social health, social disorders, depression, anxiety, addiction, divorce, and suicide, as found in recently published books and articles. The components and indicators of social problems are reviewed, and solutions are proposed for the prevention and mitigation of each social disorder.
Research findings indicate that among mortality and disability factors in Iran, depression ranks 4th and anxiety 7^th and there is a close relationship between the occurrence of depression, stress, and anxiety in individuals. Globally, 2% of the population suffers from substance use disorders, and the daily smoking rate in Iran is estimated at 10.7%. Moreover, the divorce rate in Iran is reported at 14%, with the highest rates in Alborz, Mazandaran, Semnan, Tehran, and Markazi provinces. Suicide rates in Iran show Ilam, Hamadan, and Kermanshah provinces as having the highest rates. Ilam province is one of the most dangerous regions in Iran, where 28.94 deaths occur due to suicide in every hundred thousand cases. The results indicate significant overlap among these social harms in many aspects, where the occurrence of one can pave the way for another. Thus, preventing social problems such as anxiety and depression can effectively contribute to preventing other social issues such as addiction, divorce, and suicide, thereby enhancing social Health. Therefore, conducting national surveys in this area and making evidence-based decisions can substantially aid in preventing social harm.