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Background and purpose: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common cause of vertigo. Its pathophysiology is described by canalolithiasis theory. A safe and simple treatment has been proposed in recent years (canalith repositioning maneuver). This study has been performed to compare the effectiveness of physical maneuver and medical therapy in the treatment of BPPV.
Materials and Methods: The study was a clinical trial. Patients with BPPV (Being diagnosed based on positive Dix – Hallpike test and history) were randomized into 2 groups on first visit. They were matched for sex, age and cause of BPPV. 23 patients received Epley maneuver and 22 patients received Betahistine. Patients were evaluated at first week and first month after the beginning of the treatment.
Results: After one week, 58.3 % of patients in drug group and 94.1 % of patients in maneuver group had negative Hallpike test. After 1 week, all patients were asked about the resolution of symptoms. After 1 week, 39.77% of patients in drug group and 81.52 % of patients in maneuver group improved. This difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (2 = -4/338 p< 0/001). After 1 month, 56. 83 % of patients in drug group and 86.98 % of patients in maneuver group improved (z =- 3/ 305 p<0/01). The difference of subjective improvement was statistically significant between 1 week and 1 month follow up in drug group (z = -2/85 p<0.01), this difference however was not statistically significant in maneuver group (z= -1.5 NS).
Conclusion: In short term the Epley maneuver is much more effective than medical therapy to control symptoms of BPPV and is the best treatment for this disease.

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Background and purpose: Ëvaluation of medicinal plants has shown potential antimicrobial effects which introduced many drugs with antibiotic properties. Âs there were controversies about antimicrobial action in the literature, this study evaluates the antibacterial effect of ethanolic (80%) extract of the seeds of Foeniculum vulgare plant.
Materials and methods: The disc diffusion method and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MÏÇ) of the extract against Staphylococcus aureus PTÇÇ 1112, Bacillus subtilis PTÇÇ 1023, Ëscherichia coli PTÇÇ 1330, and Salmunella typhi PTÇÇ 1639 were employed and Gentamycin and Âmikacin were used as standards.
Results: The hydroalcoholic extract of the seeds of Foeniculum vulgare showed concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria. The hydroalcoholic extract was more effective against Ë. coli and less effective on B. subtilis. The MÏÇs were 3.2 mg/ml and 12.8 mg/ml for quoted bacteria respectively.
Çonclusion: The results concluded that the ethanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare is a potential natural antibacterial agent, however its effect is dependent on the source and extraction method.

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Background and purpose: Since there is no test to evaluate body dysmorphic metacognition, the purpose of this study is to construct and determine the validity, reliability, and the factor structure of Body Dysmorphic Metacognition Questionnaire (BDMÇQ).
Materials and methods: Data were collected through Body Dysmorphic Metacognition Questionnaire which was filled out by 200 students (100 male and 100 female), 20 patients with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and 20 students without BDD.
Results: Çoncurrent validity of BDMÇQ with Yale –Brown Ôbsessive Çompulsive Scale modified for BDD was r=0.74 (P<0.001). Ïn an exploratory factor analysis, four factors were identified and labeled as follows: metacognition control strategies, thought –action fusion, positive and negative metacognitive beliefs about appearance, and safety–seeking behaviors that explained 48 % of the questionnaire variance. Ïn addition, scores of the group with BDD were significantly higher than that of the healthy group showing good diagnostic validity of the questionnaire. The Çronbach's alpha for the four factors was above 0.70.
Çonclusion: Âccording to the results, BDMÇQ has a good reliability and validity to assess the metacognition problems in patients with BDD.

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Abstract Background and purpose: Diabetic foot ulcers are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. For centuries Aleo vera has been used in treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. In this study, a mixture of honey and Aloe vera was used for diabetic foot ulcer healing. Materials and methods: In a double-blind clinical trial, patients with nonischemic, noninfected diabetic foot ulcers (attending Imam Khomeini Hospital Diabetes Center, Sari, Iran) were divided into two groups, a treatment group (n= 24) and a placebo group (n=15). To compare the effect of the mixture t-test and qui square were applied. Results: A total of 39 patients (19 males and 20 females) with diabetic foot ulcers were enrolled. Mean age of the patients, mean body mass index, and mean duration of diabetes were 56.3 ±10.2, 31.2 ± 4.2, 16.2 ± 6.6, respectively which were not significantly different between the two groups. Wound size was determined using a ruler that showed no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.36). Debridement, offloading and washing were done for all participants. Combined gel of Aleo vera and honey was used for treatment group. Wound healing was seen in 21 (95.5%) patients in treatment group and in 11 (78.6%) patients in placebo group. Conclusion: In small, non-infected, non-ischemic ulcers the effect of honey and Aloe vera gel was the same as that of the placebo. Offloading, debridement and washing with normal saline have similar effect to the mixture in healing diabetic foot ulcers.

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Background and purpose: Lavender is a medicinal plant with antioxidant activity. Stroke causes long term disability and is associated with oxidative stress. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of lavender extract against blood brain barrier permeability and its possible mechanisms in an experimental model of stroke. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 42 male Wistar rats weighing 250 to 300 g were used. The rats were divided into 6 groups (n= 7 per group). Group 1 was ischemic, groups 2 and 3 were ischemic that were given 100 and 200 mg/kg lavender extract, respectively. Group 4 were intact and groups 5 and 6 were intact groups which received lavender extract with dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg. Group 7 was also considered as the sham. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in rats by the transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 1 hr. Data were analysed with SPSS and comparison of means were compared using One Way Anova. Results: The ethanolic extract of lavender at 200 mg/kg significantly reduced the blood brain barrier permeability in rat stroke model compared with ischemic group. Conclusion: The results indicate that lavender extract has neuroprotective activity against cerebral ischemia and alleviated neurological function in rats.

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 Background and purpose: Identifying the nature of social anxiety through its causative factors can provide valuable information for the health system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a structural model for creating and maintaining factors causing social anxiety disorder in students in a medical sciences university.
Materials and methods: A descriptive-correlational study was performed in all students at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Online questionnaires were completed (n= 670), including social phobia inventory (SPIN), Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-3), Behavioral Activation/Inhibition Systems (BAS/BIS), Older Adult Social-Evaluative Situations Questionnaire (OASES), Social Phobia Safety Behaviors Scale (SPSBS), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), Mini-Social Thoughts and Beliefs Scale (Mini-STABS), and Self-Beliefs Related to Social Anxiety Scale (SBSA). Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling and Bootstrap method using AMOS software.
Results: Fit indices showed that hypothetical research model has a good fit with the data. In the present model, positive significant relationships were found between social anxiety and the paths associated with behavioral inhibition, trust-abuse, defectiveness/shame, social isolation, unrelenting standards via mediators of social-evaluative situations, safety behaviors, emotion regulation, social thoughts and beliefs, and self-beliefs to social anxiety (P<0.0001). But, we observed no significant relationship between social anxiety and emotion regulation mediator path (P<0.0001).
Conclusion: Considering the role of etiology and maintenance factors in current model, it can be used in designing treatments for social anxiety and promoting the health of medical students.