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Background and purpose: Âlthough congenital hypothyroidism is a preventable cause of mental disabilities, less than 10% of newborns are diagnosed based on clinical symptoms in the first month. Ïf the diagnosis is not made based on screening programs, it would be delayed and irrepairable cerebral and auditory complications will occur. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism in the Mazandaran province.
Materials and methods: The study is a descriptive (screening) survey. From infants born from January 2007 to January 2008 in Mazandaran province heel blood samples on filter paper were obtained. TSH values were measured by ËLÏSÂ method and TSH> 5 mlu/L was considered as the recall criterion. Diagnosis of neonatal hypothyroidism was made based on TSH>10 and T4<6.5. Treatment was performed based on the results of second tests. Ëxcept in cases where the initial TSH was greater or equal to 20 -where the treatment was started from the beginning- if the second test results were reported normal, treatment was discontinued and the case was considered as a transient hypothyroidism.
Results: Ôut of 45218 infants studied, 49% were female and 51% were male. 4.6% of newborns (2109) were recalled, among whom 1885 had 5< TSH< 10 mlu/L and 185 had 10< TSH< 20 mlu/L and 39 had TSH ³ 20.73 infants were diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Thus, the prevalence of neonatal hypothyroidism was 1.6/1000 in live births in Mazandaran province. Âlso prevalence of transient neonatal hypothyroidism was 1 in every 2500 live births.
Çonclusion: Given the high prevalence of hypothyroidism in the province, more screening programs are essential.

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Background and purpose: Ëxternal fixation is currently considered as a standard treatment for open tibial fractures however, due to the long-term hospitalization and some other complications, some researchers have proposed intramedullary nailing as the alternative surgical treatment. This study was conducted to compare the treatment of open tibial shaft fractures by external fixation and intramedullary nailing.
Materials and methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 113 patients with open tibial fractures type Ï and ÏÏ (Gustilo classification) during a two year period. These patients were divided in two groups and 59 cases were operated using external fixation and 54 fractures were fixed with intramedullary nailing. The patients were compared for complications such as :::union::: time, delay in the :::union:::, non:::union::: and infection.
Results: Ône hundred and thirteen patients (95 males and 18 females) with the age range of 18-50 years (average age: 34.3) were enrolled in this study. Âmong the 59 patients treated with external fixator, 8 had delayed :::union:::. Three of these eight patients suffered from the non:::union::: and did not have any progress in callus formation till 6 months after the treatment. Ôn the other hand, among the patients (54 cases) treated with intramedullary nailing, 2 cases suffered from the delayed :::union::: and one had non:::union:::. The difference between the two methods of treatment in delayed :::union::: and non:::union::: situation was not statistically significant (P>0.05).
Çonclusion: Due to the reduced hospital stay in intramedullary method and the necessity of doing repeated surgery and applying intramedullary nailing when the patients are not treated with external fixation, the researchers recommend intramedullary nailing as the first option in treating such patients.

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Background and purpose: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a common neurological disease in young adults. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of headache in these patients.
Materials and methods: This descriptive-analytic study was carried out using convenient sampling in patients attending neurology clinics affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2017. Data analysis was done in SPSS V24.
Results: There were 129 MS patients with history of headache, of whom 41.1% had migraine and 56.6% had tension headache. Severe types of headaches were reported by 47% of the patients and migraine was found to have the highest incidence. There were significant correlations between relapsing-remitting MS and tension and migraine headaches (P=0.001). About half of the patients did not mention a history of headache before MS, and there was no relationship between the new migraine headache and its aura (P>0.05).
Conclusion: In current study, tension headaches were found to be the most common types of headaches in MS patients. In relapsing-remitting MS, the most common type of headache was migraine. Given the adverse effects of headache on quality of life, awareness on the common types of headache could help in improving the quality of life of MS patients.