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Background and purpose: In Iran, Organ phosphorus pesticides such as chloropyrifos and diazinon are widely used in agriculture. These compounds inhibit activity of cholinesterase in nearly irreversible manner resulting in malfunction of nerve impulse transmission. This result in humans can produce illness or even death. Therefore, the present study aims to isolate various bacterial strains in specified contaminated regions. We selected one of the isolates that contain the highest OP-hydrolyzing capability for using such strain, in decontaminating environmentally harmful OP residues.
Materials and methods: In this study, vast waters from chemical factories and contaminated agricultural soil samples were used for isolation of several bacterial strains that contain OPAA enzyme are capable of utilizing chloropyrifos and diazinon as a source of carbon and phosphorus by selective enrichment on mineral salt medium (MSM), which contains chloropyrifos or diazinon. One strain was selected for analysis of degradation ability with growth studies and HPLC technique and characterization by Bergey, s manual.
Results: From vast water and soil, ten bacterial strains were isolated using chloropyrifos and diazinon as source of carbon and phosphorus. One of them named IHU strain4 grows most rapidly and luxuriously and displays the highest organophosphate-hydrolyzing capability. On the basis of morphological and biochemical characteristics, the bacterial isolate was identified as a member of the genus pseudomonas.
Conclusion: From these findings, it can be concluded that the isolated bacterial strain is able to utilize Organ phosphorus pesticides as a source of carbon and phosphorus. Utilization of these compounds by soil microorganisms is a crucial phenomenon by which these compounds are removed from the environment, thus, preventing environmental pollution. Results from the present study suggest that the isolated bacterial strain may be used for remediation of pesticide-contamination.

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Background and purpose: Diazinon is an oregano-phosphate insecticide used for pest control in the agricultural fields and gardens. It is easily absorbed through intestine, respiratory system and skin and is metabolized in the liver to diazoxon which is more toxic. This study aimed at examining the effect of diazinon on superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in rat erythrocyte and investigating the effect of antioxidant vitamins. Materials and methods: In this study, Wistar rats were divided into 9 groups. The groups were administered normal saline, soybean oil, diazinon (30 mg/kg), vitamins E, C, A (100 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 400 IU/kg, respectively) and combination of diazinon with the mentioned doses of each vitamin intraperitoneally (IP) for 14 days. Seven days after the last injection, the rats were anesthetized and one ml of blood was taken from their heart erythrocytes were aspirated and lysed. Hemolysis was used to measure superoxide dismutase enzyme activity. Data analysis was run using SPSS and the differences between the groups were analyzed applying Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney tests at the significance level of 0.05 Results: The activity of superoxide dismutase enzymes was significantly higher in the diazinon-exposed group in comparison to the control group (P= 0.008). Diazinon/vitamin groups displayed a significantly increased level of enzyme activity compared to the control group (P= 0.005), as well. Conclusion: Diazinon increases the production of superoxide free radicals which in turn leads to oxidative stress. Vitamins, as non-enzymatic antioxidants, are probably effective in reducing the levels of free radicals and restoring antioxidants enzymes.

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Background and purpose: Âccumulation of toxic agents in food, water, soil and air is an important concern of human health and environmental safety. Ïn this study, residual content of Diazinon at different days after spraying pesticide was measured and reducing factors were analyzed.
Materials and methods: Ïn this study cultivated cucumbers were exposed to specific concentrations of Diazinon. The cucumbers were harvested and the concentrations of Diazinon residues were quantitatively analyzed for a period of 10 days. Âlso, some effective factors including water- and detergent-rinsing, peeling and refrigeration at 4°Ç, on Diazinon content in the cucumbers were studied. Following primary preparation, the concentrations of Diazinon were determined using Gas Çhromatography (GÇ)-ËÇD.
Results: The results showed that residual concentrations of Diazinon in the samples decreased during the experimental period, based on half life and cleavage of pesticides in biological environment. Rinsing by drinking water, water and detergent, and peeling resulted in 19%, 35% and 46% decrease in Diazinon concentration, respectively. Âccording to the results, 2 and 10 days refrigeration caused a 6% and 69% reduction in Diazinon concentration.
Çonclusion: The residual content of pesticides in vegetables and fruits can be reduced, by rinsing, refrigerating and peeling procedures.

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Background and purpose: Diazinon (DZN) is a commonly used organophos‌phorous (OP) pesticide. It is synthetic chemical substance with broad spectrum insecticide activity [3].Toxic effects of diazinon are due to the inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase activity, an enzyme needed for proper nervous system function. It has been widely used throughout the world with applications in agricul‌ture and horticulture for controlling insects [4,5]. The Se is an essential dietary trace element which plays an important role in a number of biological processes [18] consists of antioxidant and anti mutagenic properties Materials and methods: In the experiment, a total of 45 rats (200-250 gr) were used. The rats were randomly divided into 9 groups with five animals in each group. Animals were concurrently administered intraperitoneally with DZN in proper solvent (20 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)) and Se at three different doses (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg b.w.) for 30 consecutive days.After necropsy, liver and kidneys of all animals were isolated and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Using examples of common practices pathology tissue sections, 5 microns thick sections by microtome and prepared for staining with hematoxylin - eosin were prepared. Results: In the liver of groups that diazinon had received, focal hepatic necrosis was created. Exposure also causes dilation of sinusoids in the liver parenchyma.Selenium in Dose of 0.5mg / kg asthecontrolgroup, although high dose 2mg / kg causesfibrosisandfocalnecrosis, venous congestion and spasticitytic. Ingroups with diazinon received Selenium 0.5 mg / kg lead toinflammatory cellinfiltrationin the portaltract and centralveindilatation.Together with theselenium 2 mg/kgdiazinoncausednecrosisand hepaticnecrosis inzone 3andspasticitytic.However,inthis study,diazinonwasinduced inflammation butnosignificantchangeinkidney of rat’s .necrosisanddestruction ofepithelial cellswere notobserved Conclusion: Thisstudy showed thatdiazinonhas theability to causeliver and kidneydamage, although the damage is less in kidney in comparison with liver damage.It was alsoobservedthatselenium in dose of 0.5 mg / kg is able toreducethedamage however the damage increased when the dose was increasing. It seems , selenium has a harmful role in increased doses, and it result to necrosis and fibrosis

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Background and purpose: Diazinon, is the common name an organophosphorus pesticide (OP), used to control pest insects in soil, on ornamental plants, and on fruit and vegetable field crops. DZN induce oxidative stress leading to generation of free radicals and change in antioxidants system and caused pathological change in body. The purpose of this study was to assess the protective effects of L-Carnitine against pathological change of kidney and liver induced by diazinon in rat Materials and methods: In this study, used male Wistar rats in the range of 200 ± 250 gr (n =5). Animals were randomly divided into 9 groups and received chemicals for 4 weeks intraperitoneally. After necropsy, liver and kidneys of all animals were isolated and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Using examples of common practices pathology tissue sections, 5 microns thick sections by microtome and prepared for staining with hematoxylin - eosin were prepared. Results: in the liver of groups that diazinon had received, focal hepatic necrosis was created. Exposure also causes dilation of sinusoids in the liver parenchyma. Liver and kidney pathology in the groups receiving doses of 50mg / kg carnitine as a control group.in a dose 150mg / kg central venous distention was seen in the liver. in the groups of receiving diazinon and L - carnitine central venous inflammation, congestion and necrosis were evident. The dose 150 mg / kg inflammation persists, but necrosis was significantly reduced. The pathology of the kidney tissue in the groups receiving diazinon showed inflammation and congestion Conclusion: This study showed thatdiazinonhas theability to induced liverdamage although damagetokidney tissue is lesser.It alsowas shown that L-carnitine indose-dependent manner is able to reduced diazinon induced damage

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Background and purpose: Diazinon is an organophosphate insecticide used mainly in agriculture, horticulture, and animal husbandry. Exposure to diazinon affects the redox process, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and could increase the lipid peroxidation in many organs. This study aimed at examining the chronic effect of diazinone on cell membrane lipid peroxidation and the protective effect of l-carnitin on this process. Materials and methods: In this study, male Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups. The groups were administrated normal saline (control group), diazinon (20 mg/kg), l-carnitine (50,100,150 mg/kg), and a combination of diazinon with the mentioned doses of l-carnitine, intraperitonealy (IP) for 4 weeks. The rats were anesthetized with ketamine 24 hours after the last injection and 2 ml blood was taken from their heart. Then, Lappena method was used to measure the serum concentrations of malodialdehiyde (MDA). The data was analyzed using SPSS and the differences between the groups were analyzed applying cruskal-wallis and Mann-Whitney test at the significance level of 0.05. Results: The serum concentration of MDA was significantly higher in rats exposed to diazinon compared with the control group (P= 0.009). A significant decrease was seen in the serum concentration of MDA in the groups exposed to diazinone/l-carnitine (P= 0.014). Conclusion: Diazinon induce the production of free radicals and oxidative stress. Probably, l-carnitine can reduce diazinon-induced lipid peroxidation in cell membrane by scavenging free radicals.

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Background and purpose: Diazinon is a widely used organophosphorus pesticide around the world especially in rice paddy fields. Some studies showed that such toxic chemicals can influence the health conditions of fish at various levels including fish immune system and increase the fish susceptibility to infectious diseases. Materials and methods: In this study, histopathological effects of different sublethal concentrations of diazinon at 1, 2 and 4 mg/L were investigated on gills, liver, spleen, kidney and nostril of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). One hundred and twenty grass carps weighing 850±155 g were studied at 1, 7, 15, 30 and 45 days post-exposure to the toxicant for 12 hours at 18- 22ºC. Results: Light microscopic examinations of tissues showed that toxicant concentrations caused severe damages to the cells and tissues structure such as congestion of blood vessels, haemorrhage, cellular infiltration, pyknosis of cells nuclei, vacuolar degeneration and general necrosis in the tissues of kidney, spleen and liver. Conclusion: There were degenerative changes of interstitial tissue and detachment of tubular basement membrane in kidney. We also observed hyperplasia and fusion of secondary lamellae, separation and sloughing of epithelium from the underlying basement membrane in gill sections and denudation of epithelial surface in nostril.

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Background and purpose: Nowadays, the accumulation of toxins in food, water, land and air, is one of the most important arguments regarding human health and environment. The important feature is the chronic toxicity of pesticides they can accumulate in the body. The accumulation of toxins in the body occurs directly through exposure due to contact or indirectly through food, inhalation or absorption through the skin. The aim of this research was to evaluate the amount of residue “Diazinon” in orange products of citrus gardens in Sari. Material & methods: The extraction of this toxin was done using the organic solvent “n- hexane” from the samples of orange from the different regions in Sari. In this study, the evaluation the Diazinon amount was taken cared of by using gas chromatography which was equipped with mass spectrometry detector (MS). In this research, the sensitivity is set to ppb to determine the amount of toxin. All the results were statistically analyzed using one way-ANOVA and student t-test. Then Tukey-posttest was applied to compare the pesticides residue levels found in the samples (P< 0.05). Results: All results obtained from the different areas were in the normal range. Normal range for Diazinon residues in citrus fruits, according to the WHO is 0.7 Ppm. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, Diazinon was found in all samples. All values are normalized based on global standards.

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Background and purpose: Pesticides are used to control pests in agricultural crops. According to the integrity and permeability status of surface skin of strawberry, pesticides can penetrate and precipitate in the fruit. Thus, the study was performed to assess the level of Organophosphorus pesticide residues together in strawberry produced in Mazandaran province. Material and methods: In this study, 211 strawberry samples were collected in the different cities of Mazandaran province during spring 2012, and the residual levels of malation, diazinon, dursban and etion were analyzed using QUECHERS and GC-MS. The data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA statistical analysis. P< 0.05 was comprehended as significant. Results: The results showed that the mean residual contents of malation, diazinon, dursban and etion were 4.58±2.8 ppb, 37.2±6.8 ppb, 6.07±1.78 ppb and 2.67±1.74 ppb, respectively. Despite the malation and etion, the mean concentrations of diazinon and dursban in strawberry samples were lower than that of Iran standard level. Conclusion: As a result, regarding to the use of large amount of unaccepted pesticides, permanent control of pesticide residues in agricultural products such as strawberry, seems to be necessary.

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Background and purpose: Pesticides are used in agriculture to increase crop production. Organophosphate pesticides are used more than other pesticides since they are inexpensive and more influential on a wide range of pests. Fish containing pesticides have significant human health consequences. In this study, three types of most consumed fish in the Caspian Sea were evaluated for Diazinon organophosphate levels.

Materials and methods: Twenty seven samples of three species of fish (Rutilus frisii kutum, Cyprinus carpio, leaping mullet) were randomly collected from three stations in central coast of Caspian Sea. The samples were digested and extracted and Diazinon residues were extracted. Diazinon concentrations were determined using a Gas chromatography (GC-MS) method. All results were statistically analyzed using One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test. Then Tukey-post test was applied to compare the pesticide residues levels in the samples.

Results: Diazinon was found detected in all samples. The leaping mullet samples collected from Babolsar and Khazarabad stations showed higher levels of Diazinon (55.25±48.03, 55.17±52.5 µg/kg, respectively) compared to others. ANOVA did not show any significant difference between all three types of fish in concentration of diazinon (P=0.33).

Conclusion: In this study, Diazinon was found at a high level in all samples (115.78 µ µg/kg) in leaping mullet sample from Babolsar region. However, it was not more than acceptable level determined by WHO (0.01 mg/kg). Hence, the three investigated species fish are considered to be safe for human consumption.

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Background and purpose: Diazinon is one of the most widely used organophosphate pesticides classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “moderately hazardous” Class II. This work aimed at optimizing the electrocoagulation process in removal of diazinon from aqueous environments using response surface methodology.

Materials and methods: In an experimental-laboratory study using the D-optimal method, the effects of independent variables including initial concentration of diazinon (10-100 mg/l), applied voltage (20-40 V), reaction time (10-60 min) and pH (3-10) were investigated on removal of diazinon in 30 runs. Process optimization was done by response surface methodology. Analysis of proposed model was also performed using analysis of variance.

Results: Diazinon removal in proposed model was statistically significant at 95% confidence level. The model had insignificant lack-of-fit at 95% confidence level (P=0.614). Diazinon removal efficiency was dependent on initial concentration of diazinon, applied voltage, and reaction time. The removal efficiency of diazinon was 84.6% at optimum condition (voltage= 20 V and diazinon concentration= 100 mg/L).

Conclusion: Electrocoagulation process applying current experimental conditions was found to be efficient in removal of diazinon from aqueous solutions. Designing experiments by D-optimal method can optimize the removal of the process and prepare the best conditions for pollutant removal by reducing the number of experiments.

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Background and purpose:Diazinon is an organophosphorus insecticide, which is classified as a relatively dangerous product by the World Health Organization. Entrance of this pollutant into water resources can have detrimental effects on human health and environment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of pulsed alternative current and the electrocoagulation-flotation (ECF) processes in removal of diazinon from aqueous solutions.

Materials and methods:An applied laboratory-scale experiment was designed. Diazinon removal was performed using ECF and pulsed alternative current in a 750 ml borosilicate glass intermittent flow reactor, equipped with a magnetic stirrer, an electrical source, a pulsar, and four aluminum electrodes. The optimized operating conditions were also assessed using 10-500 mg/L of diazinon.

Results:According to the results, the removal efficiency of diazinon was found to range between 5% to 85%. Investigation of ­the operational parameters demonstrated significance of the initial concentration of diazinon, current density, the number of pulses, and electrical conductivity in efficiency of ECF process. The maximum removal efficiency of diazinon was found to be 85% (213 mg of diazinon), which was achieved in an operating condition with pH=7, current density of 46.7 A/m², electrical conductivity of 600 μS/cm, and process time of 45 min.

Conclusion:According to this study, ECF method could be used along with pulsed alternative current for removal of high concentrations of diazinon from wastewater.Additional processes are needed to meet the standards of drinking water.

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Background and purpose: Pesticides can accumulate in the body due to chronic toxicity. This accumulation is caused by direct exposure to the chemicals or indirect exposure, i.e. foods, breathing, and skin. This study was performed to assess the levels of diazinon and malathion residues in cucumber produced in Mazandaran province, Iran.
Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 132 samples of cucumber were collected from different cities in Mazandaran province during summer 2015. Malathion and diazinon were extracted from the samples using n-hexan and their residual levels were analyzed by QUECHERS and GC-MS. ppb sensitivity was also considered.
Results: The mean residual contents of diazinon in all samples were lower than that of Iran standard levels. But the residual level of malathion was higher in some samples. The highest and lowest contents of malathion and diazinon were detected in samples obtained from Babol and Amol, and Babol and Kiakola, respectively.
Conclusion: Wide application of pesticides in samples studied caused unacceptable levels of residuals, particularly malathion, therefore, permanent control of pesticide residues in vegetable products such as cucumber, is necessary.

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Background and purpose: Diazinon (DZN), as an organophosphate insecticide, is used in agriculture and have destructive effects on heart. Zingiber officinale (ginger), as a medicinal plant has antioxidant properties. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of ginger against DZN-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.
Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 32 adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, including control, and experimental groups that received ginger (100 mg/kg/day, gavage), DZN (10 mg/kg/day, IP injection), and ginger plus DZN. Ginger was given one hour before diazinon. All drugs were treated for 30 consecutive days. One day after receiving the last drug, oxidative stress parameters (MDA and GSH), serum biochemical, and histopathological assays of heart have been done. Data were analysed using One-Way ANOVA and Tukey test.
Results: The results revealed that DZN significantly increased oxidative stress (increased MDA and decreased GSH content). Histopathological changes induced in heart tissue, were associated with a significant increase in level of cardiac injury markers (CPK and LDH level) in serum. Ginger significantly reduced oxidative stress, decreased CPK, LDH, and improved histopathological damages.
Conclusion: Ginger with antioxidant activity has an effective role against DZN-induced cardiac injury by reducing oxidative stress.

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Background and purpose: Diazinon (Dz) is a widely used insecticide. It can cause nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity by induction of oxidative stress. Edaravone is a drug with antioxidant effect that is used in treatment of acute infraction disorders. In this study we used edaravone for ameliorating diazinon induced kidney and brain damage.
Materials and methods: Twenty four male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: Control (normal saline), Dz (150mg/kg) and edaravone (10mg/kg and 20mg/kg) that were injected 30min before Dz. After 24 hr, the animals were anesthetized and the brain and kidney tissues were separated. Then oxidative stress factors were evaluated. Blood serum samples were also taken to determine the levels of BUN, creatinine, and nitric oxide.
Results: Dz significantly increased oxidative stress markers such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl, and glutathione oxidation in kidney and brain tissues. Also, the levels of BUN, creatinine and nitric oxide increased after Dz injection. Interestingly, ederavone administration significantly decreased ROS production in rats’ kidney and brain tissues (p<0.05). It also significantly protected kidney and brain against lipid peroxidation and glutathione oxidation (p<0.05). Edaravone treatment could noticeably inhibit diazinon induced protein carbonyl production in both tissues. Furthermore, edaravone significantly ameliorated the increased levels of BUN, creatinine, and nitric oxide due to Dz administration (p<0.05).
Conclusion: These data suggested that edaravone can prevent nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and acute toxicity of diazinon via reducing oxidative stress.
 
 

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Background and purpose: Diazinon is one of the most widely used pesticides in agricultural pest control that pollutes water resources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adsorption of diazinon from water by zeolite modified with cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA).
Materials and methods: The amount of HDTMA surfactant used to modify the zeolite was one-fold External Cation Exchange Capacity (ECEC) of zeolite (0.53 mmol/g). Modification was performed by contacting zeolite and surfactant for 24h on the shaker. Unmodified and modified zeolite were tested as adsorbent. Experiments were conducted in batch mode in acidic (pH=3), natural (pH=7), and alkaline conditions (pH=11).
Results: The optimal contact times for adsorption of diazinon were 10 and 5 minutes on unmodified zeolite and HDTMA-modified zeolite (HMZ), respectively. According to the Freundlich model, the amount of diazinon absorbed by the HMZ was about 8 times more than that of the unmodified zeolite. By using 1gl^-1 of HMZ at pH= 3, the maximum adsorption was 97.6%. Pseudo second order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm model well describes the absorption of diazinon on HMZ.
Conclusion: Modified zeolite has high capacity, so, the method used here, can be used to increase the efficiency of diazinon adsorption in wastewater treatment plants.
 
 

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Background and purpose: Diazinon is an organophosphate insecticide that binds to the acetylcholinesterase enzyme after metabolization causing its inactivation. Galic acid is a polyphenolic compound with nucleophilic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of gallic acid on reactivation of acetylcholine and butyrylcholinesterase inhibited by diazinon in mice and human serum and erythrocytes.
Materials and methods: The animals were divided into seven groups, including a control group that received corn oil as a solvent and other groups that received diazinon (80 mg/kg), atropine (20 mg/kg), and pralidoxime (20 mg/kg). Gallic acid was injected intraperitoneally at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. Cholinesterase levels (acetylcholine and butyrylcholinesterase) were evaluated after 3 and 24 h of intoxication in mice serum and erythrocytes. In addition, in vitro studies were done in human serum and RBCs.
Results: Activities of cholinesterase in serum and erythrocytes significantly decreased after 3 and 24 hours of poisoning in diazinon-treated group compared to control group in vivo and in vitro. Co-treatment with atropine and gallic acid (at all doses) significantly increased cholinesterase activity compared to the diazinon group in vitro and in vivo (P< 0.0001).
Conclusion: Combination therapy with gallic acid (at different doses) and atropine reduced inhibition of cholinesterase activity caused by diazinon and improved its reactivation. Gallic acid reactivates cholinesterase activity which might be due to hydroxyl groups in its compounds.

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Background and purpose: Pesticides are well-known for their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties, and they exhibit resistance to environmental degradation. Organophosphorus compounds represent one of the largest and most diverse groups of pesticides globally. Diazinon, an organophosphorus pesticide widely used in agriculture, was selected as the target pollutant for the present study.
Materials and methods: The co-precipitation method was employed to synthesize zinc oxide nanocomposites coated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Subsequently, the nanoparticle structure was analyzed using XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and EDX analyses. The efficiency of diazinon sonocatalytic removal by zinc oxide nanocomposites coated on PET was investigated, and the impact of various parameters, including pH (3-11), nanocomposite dosage (0.2-2.5 g/L), initial diazinon concentration (5-50 mg/L), contact time (5-60 min), hydrogen peroxide concentration (2-50 mM), different gases (oxygen and nitrogen gas (2 L/min)), organic compounds (folic acid, citric acid, humic acid, EDTA, oxalate acid, phenol), radical scavengers (ammonium oxalate as h⁺ scavenger, benzoquinone as scavenger, tert-butyl alcohol as ^•OH scavengers), various processes (PET, US, PET/US, ZnO, ZnO-PET, ZnO/US, ZnO-PET/US), and recycled experiment, was evaluated. Firstly, the pH optimum was acquired to be 5, with changing pH and constant nanocatalyst dosage and initial diazinon concentration. The effects of different parameters on the removal of diazinon were investigated at the constant value of pH. Diazinon residual concentration was measured by a spectrophotometer (UV/VIS, DR5000) at a wavelength of 295 nm.
Results: FT-IR and XRD analyses confirmed the coating of ZnO nanorods onto PET. Under optimal conditions, initial diazinon concentration of 20 mg/L, pH of 5, and nanocomposite dosage of 2.5 g/L for 60 minutes the sonocatalytic removal efficiency of diazinon reached 99.81%. The removal efficiency decreased from 100 to 40.15% as the diazinon concentration increased from 5 to 100 mg/L. The first-order rate constant (k_obs) decreased from 0.123 to 0.0086 min^-1, while R² decreased from 0.985 to 0.9152, and electrical energy per order (E_Eo) increased from 181.073 to 2589.77 kWh.m^-3 with increasing diazinon concentration. The sonocatalytic removal of diazinon increased with rising H₂O₂ concentration up to 5 mM. However, the addition of organic compounds and nitrogen gas led to a decrease in diazinon removal efficiency. The effectiveness of processes for pesticide removal from drinking water decreased due to anions scavenger activity. Examination of radical scavengers revealed that •OH radicals were the most active in diazinon removal. Notably, proper sonocatalytic activity in diazinon removal was observed even after six successive cycles. Intermediate products identified by GC-MS in the sonocatalytic removal process included diazoxon, IMP, hydroxy-diazinon, and diazinon-methyl-ketone.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that zinc oxide coated on polyethylene terephthalate, as an affordable, practical, and environmentally friendly material, exhibits satisfactory efficiency for the sonocatalytic removal of diazinon from water environments.