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Background and purpose: Cognitive models refer to the effect of early maladaptive schemas in formation of psychology pathologies in establishing psychological problems. This study aimed at determining the relation between early maladaptive schemas with procrastination and mental health of medical and non-medical students of Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences. Materials and methods: This correlational descriptive study was done using procrastination questionnaire (GP), early maladaptive schema of Yang (YSQ-SF) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) were applied to collect the data. The data was analyzed using SPSS. Results: The subjects included 462 students including 232 medical students and 230 non-medical students who were recruited according to accessibility features. There results showed a significant correlation between early maladaptive schema and procrastination and mental health in medical and non-medical students. Conclusion: This study verified the role of early maladaptive schema in psychological pathology and procrastination. However, further studies should be carried out to define and clarify the cognitive content of any psychological malfunction.

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Background and purpose: Stimulus–evoked otoacoustic emission (OAE) is generated by the outer hair cells (OHCs) and high levels of noise will highly damage these cells. Therefore, even a mild loss in OHCs could alter the generation of OAE. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the pure tone threshold, Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission (DPOAE) amplitude in industrial workers experiencing non-permissible noises and administrative staff. Material and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 134 workers who were exposed to non-permissible noise and a control group consisting of 89 administrative staff. The threshold of pure tone and DPOAE amplitude were assessed and recorded. Results: The mean of pure tone threshold was high in 1,2,3 and 4 KHz in workers compared to that of the administrative staff. There was a significant difference in the mean of pure tone threshold in 3 and 4 KHz (P<0.01). DPOAE amplitude for 4 frequency (1.4, 2.2, 2.9, and 4.4 KHz) was greater in control group, however, this difference was significant only in 4.4 KHz (P<0.01). Conclusion: The decrease of OAE amplitude and increase in audiometric threshold in workers exposed to noise indicates damage to cochlea. DPOAE may closely match with audiometric results since there is frequency sensitivity in DPOAE amplitude due to noise-induced hearing loss.

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Background and purpose: Today, with the advent of electronic medical record system (EMRS) the security and confidentiality of information ought to be reasonably considered. The purpose of this study was to assess the privacy and security requirements for implementation of EMRS in all hospitals in Isfahan in 2014. Materials and methods: An analysis framework was used in an applied study performed in IT authorities in private hospitals and the hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and social security organization in 2014. Data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed in SPSS V. 20. Results: Meeting the requirements for security and confidentiality of information was found to be high (100-67, mean score=85) in the implementation of EMRS in hospitals in Isfahan. Conclusion: The hospitals in Isfahan were believed to be prepared for the implementation of EMRS regarding security and confidentiality of information in 2014.

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Background and purpose: Knowledge on the risks of radiation during diagnostic imaging is necessary to protect patients against the hazards of ionizing radiation. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of knowledge of interns, radiology residents, radiology students, and staff about radiation doses received by patients in radiological examinations.

Materials and methods: During a cross-sectional study, 163 individuals (interns, radiology residents, students, and staff in Kashan University of Medical Sciences) were asked to identify the average dose of radiation received by patients. A researcher-made questionnaire was administered. Average of correct answers in the groups was analyzed using the SPSS 16 software. The scores above 75%, 75-50%, 50-25%, and below 25% were considered as very good, good, moderate, and poor levels of knowledge, respectively.

Results: The mean scores for the level of knowledge about the dose received by patients were 57.9±2.45% and 52.4±2.65% in the staff and radiology students, while it was 35.35±-1.65% and 41.35±6% in interns and residents, respectively.

Conclusion: In this study most of the radiology staff and students had good levels of knowledge about the radiation dose received by patients during diagnostic radiological methods. Therefore, revising curricula with more emphasis on radiation protection is recommended for medical interns and residents.

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Background and purpose: Malignant pleural effusion have significant impacts on patients live. This study was designed to determine the effect of Ethanolamine, Povidone-iodine, and talcum powder on pleurodesis in rats.
Materials and methods: This experimental study was conducted in 36 adult male rats in Neuroscience Research Center affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran 2018. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: Ethanolamine, Povidone-iodine, talcum Powder, and Salin (control group). The sclerosing agent was injected in each group. Then, microscopic and macroscopic effects of the drugs were compared. Data were analyzed applying Fisher’s exact test and multivariate analysis in SPSS.
Results: The most severe fibrosis was seen in groups that had received Ethanolamine (85.6% severe fibrosis), while the group that received Povidone-iodine and talcum powder showed moderate fibrosis (61.5% and 38.5%, respectively). The rate of fibrosis was significantly higher in control group (72.7% mild fibrosis, P<0.001). Compared with the control group, more chronic inflammation was seen in the group that received Ethanolamine (P=0.004).
Conclusion: According to this study Ethanolamine and Povidone-iodine could be used as effective agents for inducing pleurodesis. Their low cost and availability make them good alternatives to other materials.
 

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Background and purpose: Nowadays, the use of traditional herbal remedies along with exercise has become very popular for the prevention and treatment of diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate acute effect of aged garlic extract on metabolic rate, substrate oxidation, and salivary cortisol during and after high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in inactive women.
Materials and methods: The study population included ten inactive women in Birjand (age 24±6 years, BMI 22-23 kg/m²). Individuals participated in two separate sessions (one week apart). In the first session, aged garlic supplements (600 mg) were taken one hour before HIIE. In the second session, the placebo (600 mg of starch) was taken. The HIIE program consisted of 11 alternates (1-minute with 90% vVO₂max followed by 2-minute rest intervals with 60% vVO₂max). Pre, during, and after HIIE, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide excretion were measured using the respiratory gas analyzer in order to calculate metabolic rate (Energy Expenditure, VO₂) and substrate oxidation (Fat Oxidation, Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)). Salivary cortisol was measured using chemiluminescence method. Repeated analysis of variance was applied for statistical analysis of the data.
Results: The results revealed that there was no significant difference in VO₂ (P=0.28), Fat Oxidation (P=0.09), RER (P=0.083), and energy expenditure (P=0.76) between aged garlic and placebo intake. There was no significant difference in salivary cortisol (P= 0.66) either.
Conclusion: Generally, aged garlic supplement intake along with HIIE does not have any effect on metabolic rate, substrate oxidation, and cortisol level in inactive women.
 

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Background and purpose: A bone marrow examination is necessary to diagnose some hematologic diseases. In this study, we compared the effects of acetaminophen and promethazine versus intravenous injections of midazolam and pethidine on pain reduction after bone marrow sampling.
Materials and methods: In this study, 88 patients were divided into two groups. The first received one gram of acetaminophen as an infusion and 25 milligrams of promethazine syrup 30 minutes before the procedure. The second group received intravenous injections of 25 milligrams of pethidine and 5 milligrams of midazolam five minutes before the procedure. In two groups, local anesthesia with lidocaine was given before the procedure. The pain and presence of anxiety in the patients were assessed using a 10-point Likert scale.
Results: We analyzed the results of 88 patients. At 30 minutes after sampling, patients in the pethidine-midazolam group reported lower pain compared to those in the promethazine-acetaminophen group (1.18±0.90 vs. 1.77±0.99) (P=0.004). This difference was particularly notable among men (0.90±0.98 vs. 0.99±1.67) (P=0.001). Among men, those older than 30 years showed a reduction in pain (1.01±0.9 vs. 0.99±1.46) (P=0.049). No significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of pain immediately after sampling. The administration of promethazine and acetaminophen showed a more positive future perspective in patients older than 46 years (P=0.033). Additionally, the average incidence of anxiety 30 minutes after the procedure was 27.3% in the pethidine-midazolam group and 22.7% in the promethazine-acetaminophen group. However, there was no significant difference in the level of anxiety between the two groups (P=0.806).
Conclusion: Based on our data, the combination of promethazine and acetaminophen had similar analgesic effects to the combination of pethidine and midazolam immediately after sampling. As a result, according to the various side effects of pethidine and midazolam, especially in patients with respiratory diseases and outpatients, the combination of promethazine and acetaminophen can be used.

(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20200427047215N2)
 

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Background and purpose: A biosensor is composed of two main components: a biological sensing element and a transducer, which together determine the concentration of the analyte by facilitating a biological reaction near the transducer to improve detection capabilities. Compared to traditional analyte measurement and biochemical control methods, biosensors offer advantages such as reusability, fast response times, and high specificity. Laccase is a critical enzyme within the oxidoreductase family, with catalytic properties particularly effective toward ortho- and para-diphenols, depending on the producing organism. Unlike many enzymes that act exclusively on a specific substrate, laccase catalyzes the oxidation of a broad range of substrates, including diphenols, polyphenols, diamines, methoxyphenols, aromatic amines, and ascorbate. Protein tyrosine phosphatases are a class of enzymes that remove phosphate groups from tyrosine residues in proteins. This project aimed to design and develop an enzyme-based biosensor using modified screen-printed carbon electrodes with high sensitivity and selectivity for accurate and rapid dephostatin measurement.
Materials and methods: The biosensor was fabricated by immobilizing laccase on the electrode surface. First, the surface of the screen-printed carbon electrode was modified with a graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposite, after which the laccase enzyme was immobilized on the modified surface using EDC/NHS linkers. Electrochemical characteristics of the electrodes were assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Optimal parameters, including oxidation potential, pH, temperature, and concentration, were calibrated. At an oxidation potential of 0.45 V relative to the Ag/AgCl electrode, the current response for each sample was measured with the biosensor. Calibration curves were generated, and measurements were obtained by interpolating the amperometric signals from dephostatin solutions. Dephostatin standards were then introduced to the diluted Nescafe sample (phosphate buffer, 0.05 M, pH 6.5) without any pretreatment, and recovery rates were calculated.
Results: By immobilizing graphene oxide and laccase on the electrode surface, the modified electrode exhibited increased cathodic and anodic currents compared to the unmodified electrode in K₄Fe(CN)₆/K₃Fe(CN)₆ solution. Due to the presence of graphene nanoparticles on the electrode surface, the electron transfer rate improved, as indicated by a 20 µA increase. The electrode response was linear across a concentration range of 10 to 900 nM, with a detection limit of 6 nM.
Conclusion: Since protein tyrosine phosphatases play essential roles in cell signaling pathways and disease development, the use of dephostatin as an inhibitor has gained interest. Therefore, an accurate and rapid method for dephostatin measurement is crucial in the pharmaceutical industry. The prepared biosensor, which incorporates laccase enzyme and graphene nanoparticles stabilized with a chitosan nanocomposite, allows for precise dephostatin measurement. The laccase enzyme immobilized on the electrode surface can specifically oxidize the dephostatin molecule, producing a unique electrode response for this molecule.