Showing 2 results for Ezzati
Edris Hoseinzadeh, Naser Rahimi, Ali Reza Rahmani, Leila Ezzati,
Volume 23, Issue 103 (8-2013)
Abstract
Background and purpose: Using Water Quality Indices are necessary for monitoring the quality of water in various applications, including agriculture. This study aimed to assess the quality of Takab Sarugh river right branch by WILCOX index.
Materials and methods: In this cross sectional study some quality parameters including water temperature, sodium, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, pH, electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption rate, total dissolved solids were measured monthly in five stations located along the river during spring and summer 2011. EC and SAR levels changes toward river discharge were determined for each station. Also, quality of water in each station was determined using WILCOX diagram and geographical information system.
Results: The maximum SAR and EC values (1.3 and 1368 s/cmµ, respectively) were found in station C in September, while the lowest values were seen in station A in May. Results showed that the concentration of parameters decreased when the river flow increased. Based on SAR index the quality of water was in class S1 (low alkaline risk) and the EC was fluctuating between C1, C2, C3 classes (salinity risk: low, medium, and high, respectively).
Conclusion: The results showed that quality class of river water in low water season decreased into moderate class from good and excellent classes. Probably sedimentary rocks, limestone springs and effluent of a gold extraction factory located in the studied area resulted in declining quality of water.
Ebrahim Ezzati, Roghaye Mahooti, Fatemah Kavyannejad, Mohamad Sadegh Paran, Afshin Almasi, Rasoul Kavyannejad,
Volume 34, Issue 241 (1-2025)
Abstract
Background and purpose: Intramuscular injection (IM) of medications is an invasive and painful procedure for many patients. Various forms of electrical stimulation may play a role in pain modulation. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of cathodal and anodal direct current (DC) on reducing pain caused by IM injections.
Materials and methods: This study was conducted as a triple-blinded, randomized clinical trial on 120 patients who were candidates for IM. Patients in the control group did not receive any intervention. In the cathodal and anodal groups, direct current (DC) with a current intensity of 5 mA was applied via a connection to the needle tip during the injection. In the anesthetic group, EMLA ointment was applied locally. The pain level was measured based on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) immediately after the injection and at 1,3-, and 5-minutes post-injection. Heart rate changes, injection duration, and injection frequency were also recorded. Data were analyzed using one-way and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests, as well as repeated measures.
Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of age (P=0.2), gender (P=0.83), and body mass index (P=0.056). The pain level was significantly lower in the groups receiving anesthetic ointment (P<0.01), anodal (P<0.001), and cathodal (P<0.0001) direct current stimulation compared to the control group. Moreover, pain levels in the cathodal group were significantly lower than those in the anodal group (P<0.01) and the anesthetic group (P<0.05). The injection time was significantly shorter in the intervention groups than in the control group (P<0.0001), while there was no significant difference in the frequency of attempts required to perform a successful injection between the groups (P>0.05). The increase in heart rate was significantly lower in the intervention groups than in the control group during and after the injection (P<0.05), while no significant difference was observed between the intervention groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Applying electrical stimulation directly to the needle insertion area effectively reduced the pain and tachycardia caused by IM. Greater analgesic effects were observed with cathodal stimulation.
(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20240123060780N1)