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Background and purpose: Patient safety culture is essential in preventing patient injuries in hospitals. Safety attitude is one of the valid tools used in assessment of safety culture among nurses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nurses safety attitude and also understanding the effect of demographic characteristics, work shifts, and job demands on that.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 325 nurses in Babol, north of Iran, 2016.  Demographic and organizational information were recorded. The Safety Attitude Questionnaire (SAQ) and Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) were used. Data analysis was done using regression analysis in SPSS V24.
Results: The average values for psychological and physical demands of nurses were 32.7±9.4 and 8.8±2.8, respectively. According to the SAQ, the dimensions of stress recognition (73.6 ±17.9) and perception of management (48.8±16.2) were found with the highest and lowest mean scores, respectively. Also, regression model showed the wards, psychological demands, and physical work demands as the predictors of nurses attitude toward safety (P <0.05).
Conclusion: According to this study, reducing the psychological and physical demands associated with work could improve safety attitude in nurses. Also, nursing managers should provide nurses with some training courses on controlling unsafe behavior and safety attitudes.
 

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Background and purpose: Microbial fuel cell is one of the sustainable development technologies that can be used simultaneously for removal of many pollutants and generate electricity. The aim of this study was to determine the removal rate of high concentrations of phenol in a microbial fuel cell.
Materials and methods: A dual chamber microbial fuel cell having Nafion proton exchange membrane and carbon cloth as anode and cathode was fabricated and operated in batch mode in incubator at 30°C for 12 weeks. Anode was put in anaerobic chamber containing minimum growth medium and phenol (50-1000ppm) was added as the sole carbon source. Phenol degrading bacterial seed that was supplied by wastewater treatment plant of Tehran Petroleum Refinery was adapted to phenol and used
in anaerobic anode chamber. Cathode was put in aerobic chamber containing phosphate buffer. Concentration of remained phenol in different times was analyzed by HPLC method.
Results: Maximum amount of phenol degradation occurred in the first 24h of each run. Phenol concentrations up to 800 ppm were completely removed during 96 h, but time to complete removal of 1000 ppm phenol was 120h.
Conclusion: By using sludge from wastewater treatment plant of oil refinery adapted to phenol in a microbial fuel cell, it is possible to remove 1000 ppm phenol.

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 Background and purpose: Low frequency noise (LFN), even at low levels, can have an adverse effect on individual's mental health and performance. However, personality trait is one of the most important influencing factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the perception of loudness, sensitivity, and annoyance of LFN in relation to personality traits.
Materials and methods: This semi-experimental research was conducted on 40 students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in 2022. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire‐Revised (EPQ‐R) was used to assess personality traits. Participants were exposed to LFN at Equivalent continuous sound level (L_eq=65 dB in A-weighted) for one hour in an acoustic room. Then questionnaires of noise annoyance, Weinstein noise sensitivity, and loudness perception were used, respectively. Finally, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS V25 and applying Chi-square, independent t-test, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
Results: The mean value of annoyance, sensitivity, and noise perception were 5±2.05, 65.2±14.88, and 3.55±0.68, respectively. The results of the study indicated that extroverted and introverted personality traits did not have a significant correlation with annoyance, sensitivity, or perception of loudness (P>0.05) while the results of the MANOVA test showed that neuroticism was the most influential factor on sensitivity (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The findings of this study have confirmed that personality traits, such as neuroticism, can significantly affect the sensitivity of individuals when exposed to low frequency noise. As a result, it is important to consider factors beyond engineering control solutions to address and  reduce the levels of annoyance caused by noise. Therefore, other influential factors such as individuals' personality traits should also be taken into account.