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Background and purpose: Incidence of breast cancer is increasing day by day. Scientists are interested in the effects of inhibition of breast cancer cell on treatment of this cancer. The aim of this study was to determine IC50 of doxorubicin in 24 hours on cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 and the expression of heat shock protein HSP90α as a factor in the cell before and after 24 hours exposure to doxorubicin in both breast cancer cell lines.

Materials and methods: A descriptive interventional study was done in two cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231` after 24 hours exposure to doxorubicin. Sensitivity of cells to doxorubicin was determined using MTT Assay in excel software. HSP90α heat shock protein expression were qualitatively compared in both cell lines before and after exposure to doxorubicin using immunofluorescent techniques (Immunocytochemistry).

Results: MTT Assay showed that IC50 value in MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells after 24 hours exposure to doxorubicin (the dose that kills 50% of cells) were 14.521 and 16.3315µM, respectively. Immunocytochemistry revealed that HSP90α protein expression in both cell lines after exposure to doxorubicin decreased compared to the control group.

Conclusion: Cell density in cell lines (ER-) MDA-MB-231 and line MCF-7 (ER+) after exposure to doxorubicin and increasing the dose of medication, decreased indicating a dose dependent effect. Also, apoptosis occurred in both cell lines and expression of HSP90α decreased but MDA-MB-231 cells were found to be more sensitive.

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Background and purpose: According to the world health organization (WHO), cataract is the most general cause of returnable blindness, accounting for 47.8% of total blindness in the world. Compared to Greek medicine, a major progress of Islamic medicine was in ophthalmology. Rhazes wrote, the first complete and comprehensive description about cataract and the first Persian book on eye diseases and treatments was written by Abu RuhJourjani.

Materials and methods: A nonsystematic review study was done using library research and a review of the literature by a focus on Iranian Traditional Medicine books. Current research was performed in six phases (choosing the keywords, searching the sources, providing a single list, classifying, and comparing). Then, cataract was searched in Canon of Medicine written by Avicenna and the Nur-al- uyun written by Jourjani.

Results: Definition, etiology and treatment strategies were classified into three 3 main categories: nutrition, life style, and medications and surgery. The major difference between modern medicine books and these books was preventive measures for cataract that were suggested by the two scientists.

Conclusion: Both physicians believed that changes in life style and avoiding certain foods can prevent this disease. According to Avicenna and Jourjani if the disease is detected at early stages, the progress could be hindered by appropriate treatments. But surgical treatment is needed if the cataract is stiff.

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Background and purpose: Anatomy is a branch of science that deals with different parts of human body and its organizational structure. It has various goals, such as insight into the divine perfection and understanding the causes of diseases and their treatments. Anatomy in the Islamic era included physiology too. This research aimed at providing an overview on anatomy in the Reference Materials of Persian Medicine.
Materials and methods: A qualitative study (content-analytic library research) was performed based on the books of Persian medicine. This study was conducted at several stages; finding the keywords, searching in reference texts of Iranian-Islamic medicine, in history books and Islamic encyclopedias, and in Persian and Latin electronic banks, then sorting, organizing, and comparing the information.
Results: Anatomical knowledge is prerequisite to treatment and surgery. The works of Muslim scientists on anatomy, like the Europeans, were found to be influenced by the works of Galen. According to evidence, Muslim doctors performed autopsy and were great surgeons.
Conclusion: The basis of the new anatomy enhanced by Vesalius is similar to the Iranian-Islamic anatomy that was introduced to Europe after revising the texts of Galen. Considering the holistic viewpoints in Persian medicine, further research is needed to adapt that to modern medicine.
 

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 Background and purpose: Sometimes, some symptoms do not respond to usual treatments, or are not justified by classical medicine. In such cases, Persian Medicine can be helpful to better understand and treat the diseases. Endogenous gases (wind or Rih) are among the causes that should be investigated. The purpose of this study was to introduce endogenous gases and etiology of their production in the body as one of the pathological causes of diseases (alongside compound dystempraments) in Persian medicine.
Materials and methods: A qualitative study (summative content analysis) based on authentic Persian Medicine books was carried out using library and electronic resources.
Results: The concept of wind is also found in traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicine, but in Persian medicine it is a gas-like substance produced in the body and its useful form facilitates physiologic processes such as defecation, erection, etc. The harmful type of wind is one of the main causes of up to 90 diseases, including certain kinds of headaches, dizziness, epilepsy, dyspnea, and pain in joints, kidneys, and bladder, etc. In this study, the definition, causes, types, symptoms, and signs of wind were explained.
Conclusion: According to Persian medicine and the concept of gasotransmitter in modern medicine, many diseases are caused by wind or gas. Therefore, all physicians should consider their role in diseases and use appropriate treatments.

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Background and purpose: Femoral neck fracture is associated with a high rate of side effects, especially in young people, who are usually affected by severe energy shocks. Results after injury depend on some factors, including displacement, fragility, bleeding rate, proper placement, and stable and strong fixation. The aim of this study was to compare dynamic hip screw (DHS) or multiple cannulated screws (MCS) in fractures of the femoral neck base.
Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 78 patients with femoral neck fracture were treated by internal fixation: MCS (n= 26) and DHS (n= 52) in Babol Shahid Beheshti Hospital, 2016-2018. Complications, including pain and lameness, infection, avascular necrosis (AVN), and nonunion were investigated in both groups. The visual analog scale (VAS) score and Harris Hip Score (HHS) were also compared between the two groups.
Results: Mean ages of the patients in MCS group and DHS group were 54.19 ± 23.35 and
58.50 ± 21.06 years, respectively. In patients treated by MCS, infection, AVN, no welding, and pain and lameness were seen in 3, 2, 3, and 6 patients, respectively, while these complication were observed in 1, 1, 1, and 4 patients in the DHS group, respectively. The rate of complications were not found to be significantly different between the two group (P>0.05). The mean VAS score was significantly lower in the DHS group compared to that in the MCS group (P<0.05). The HHS scores were not significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: According to this study, MCS is more appropriate in the treatment of femoral neck fractures due to less bleeding and shorter operation time.

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Background and purpose: Supracondylar fracture of the humerus is common in children and various surgical procedures are used to manage this condition. This study was conducted to compare the treatment results of open surgical approaches; external (lateral) and posterior access.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 200 children (younger than 10 years of age) with supracondylar fractures of the arm attending Babol Shahid Beheshti Hospital (2014-2018) who underwent open surgery using either lateral or posterior approach. Radiographic examination and some factors such as age, sex, cause of fracture, type of fracture, fracture side, and range of motion of elbow joint were compared between the two groups at week eight after the surgeries.
Results: Among the patients, 98 (48.8%) underwent surgery with lateral approach and 102 (51.2%) underwent posterior approach. There were no significant differences between the two groups in age, sex, fracture side, and the predominance of the involved arm (P<0.05). We observed no significant differences between the range of motion, bearing angle, flexion and extension of the injured side. Clinical and radiological variables in injured and healthy hands in the external approach showed that range of motion (152.45±3.27 vs. 143.61±4.50), carrying angle (11.98±1.72 vs. 11.44±2.75), and flexion (141.91±3.30 vs. 134.35±4.85) and extension (10.60±1.69 vs. 9±2.35) of the elbow were lower in the injured hand (P<0.001). In comparing the clinical and radiological variables between the injured and healthy hand in the posterior approach, it was found that the range of motion (152.78±3.64 vs. 144.39±4.39), carrying angle (12.4±1.47 vs. 11.62±1.83), and flexion (142.54±3.33 vs. 135.41±4.36) and extension (10.14±1.81 vs.  8.89±2.07) of the elbow were lower in the injured hand (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The study showed no significant differences between external and posterior approaches in treatment of supracondylar fractures of the arm.

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Background and purpose: Tinnitus is the perception of sound without external acoustic stimuli that has a great impact on quality of life. This disorder can affect sleep, daily activities, and social functioning. It also entails great costs to affected individual and society. Despite many studies of modern medicine, the exact pathophysiology of tinnitus is unknown. Hence, there is increasing attention to complementary medicine for management and control of the disease. The purpose of this investigation was to study the sources of Persian medicine for the causes of tinnitus to establish an appropriate model for its prevention and treatment.
Materials and methods: We conducted a qualitative study (summative content analysis) and analyzed Persian medicine books and electronic databases.
Results: One of the most important causes of tinnitus is accumulation of waste products and winds in ears and brain due to mistemper, indigestion, participatory diseases, formation of ripples and their movement in brain vapors, and stimulation of auditory nerve. In order to prevent and treat tinnitus, Iranian medicine places great emphasis on the six core pillars for a healthy life.
Conclusion: It seems that lifestyle modification could be of great help in preventing tinnitus and its management could also be done using methods that are associated with less complications.

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Background and purpose: Hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine diseases that affects the basic metabolism and has a great impact on the quality of life of patients. Despite the treatment, some of the patients are still symptomatic. Persian medicine pays attention to mizaj as one of the important principles of effective treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of mizaj types in hypothyroid patients.
Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on under treatment hypothyroid patients, aged 20 to 60 years, who referred to Sari Touba Clinic from January to June 2023. The mizaj of the patients was determined using a standard questionnaire.
Results: Out of 300 eligible female hypothyroid patients, a total of 194 participated in the study. In terms of simple temperament, more than half of the patients were cold and 72.2% of the patients were wet. In terms of mixed temperament, 41% of patients were cold and wet. Also, there was a statistically significant relationship between BMI and dry or wet temperament.
Conclusion: This study showed that the predominant temperament of hypothyroid disease is cold and wet; therefore, in order to achieve complementary treatment for the disease and choose best medicinal interventions based on the principles of Persian medicine, hypothyroid patients should avoid all measures that increase coldness and wetness. In other words, measures that increase coldness and wetness should be avoided in hypothyroid patients as much as possible.

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Background and purpose: Halitosis, or bad breath, is a condition in which the smell of a person's breath becomes unpleasant. This condition is not only the third most common reason for dental visits, but it also carries significant social and psychological consequences. Despite considerable advancements in dentistry and medicine, halitosis remains both a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Therefore, exploring complementary approaches is necessary. The aim of this study is to investigate the etiology and treatment measures for bad breath in Persian medical texts.
Materials and methods: This study employs qualitative content analysis to examine bad breath in traditional Persian medicine texts. Eight books from the 3rd to 5th centuries A.H., such as the Canon of Medicine Alhavi, etc were sourced from the Noor Digital Library and other electronic resources.
Results: According to the opinions of Persian medical sages, 17 different causes of bad breath were identified, primarily caused by conditions in the mouth, stomach, and lungs. These causes include ulcers, decay, and infection in the mouth, stomach disorders with the accumulation of infectious substances, and lung infections. For treatment, depending on the underlying cause in each case, health measures and lifestyle modifications, as well as single and compound drugs, have been suggested. These treatments include the consumption of celery, cloves, cardamom, and myrtle fresh foliage with seedless raisins, among others.
Conclusion: Persian sages identified oral and dental diseases, as well as gastrointestinal problems, as the main causes of halitosis and treated it based on the underlying cause of bad breath. Some of the causes and treatments from traditional Persian medicine for this condition have been supported and validated by modern scientific research after centuries. Further investigations and clinical trials could pave the way for utilizing this valuable ancestral heritage.
 

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Background and purpose: Cardiovascular diseases are among the chronic diseases with a high mortality rate. Considering the importance of person-centered medicine and Iranian medicine, the concept of temperament has a great impact on the occurrence of diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the temperament of patients with an acute heart attack.
Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 280 new patients, aged 20 to 60 years, diagnosed with their first acute heart attack, confirmed by a cardiologist based on clinical and laboratory findings, at the Mazandaran Heart Center from April to September 2024. The study population was selected using convenience sampling.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 51.81±5.98 years, and 70% were male. The frequency of hot temperament, both singly and in combination, differed significantly between the sexes (P= 0.011), as did wet temperament compared to other temperaments (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that most patients with acute heart attacks have a hot and humid temperament. Therefore, according to the principles of Iranian medicine, maintaining health and effectively treating these patients requires avoiding factors that increase hot and humid temperament, such as overeating, obesity, physical inactivity, and inadequate sleep. In other words, individuals with a hot and humid temperament are more susceptible to this disease and should adopt preventive measures that help reduce this temperament, including proper nutrition, regular exercise, and adequate sleep.