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Background and purpose: Since there is a few studies about the reasons of endodontic treatment in Iran, it is necessary to evaluate factors and patients informational rate in all geographic regions for prevention and suitable treatment. So we decide to evaluate the reasons of endodontic treatment in patients who referred to endodontic group. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 1,150 cases of Department of Endodontic in Babol dental school for each case, information was collected in a questionnaire including clinical and radiographic and systemic status of patients. Data were analyzed by statistical methods. Results: Out of 1150, 858 cases were perfect which were analyzed. Of the 858 treated teeth, 328 (36.8%) were males and 530 (59.6%) were females. The reasons for endodontic treatment were carries (82.2%), retreatment (7.2%), endo for prostheses (5.6%), restorative reasons (2.1%), trauma (2.8%) and periodontal disease (0.1%). Endodontic treatment was done in first and second and third molars in 42.9%, 16.2%, and 2%. There are in radiographic view 60.6% normal appearance, 18.4% periapical radiolucency, 15.4% widening of PDL and 0% root fracture. Systemic disease was 14.4% in patients with root canal therapy (RCT). Pain with cold, warm and endo for crown was 51.5%, 28.7%, and 1.4%, respectively. Conclusion: The most common reason for attending to dental school was pain. The most common and uncommon reasons for RCT were dental carries and periodontal disease. The most common and uncommon teeth were first and third molar. Pain with cold and endo for crown were the most common and uncommon findings.

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Background and purpose: Gingivitis is a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction between pathogenic bacteria and different levels of host immune response. Plaque induced gingivitis is the most common form of gingivitis. There are some mechanical and chemical methods to attain plaque control. Due to the adverse effects of chlorhexidine, the aim of this study was to clinically compare the efficacy of Rosa damascena and vinegar mouthwash, and chlorhexidine on plaque induced gingivitis.
Materials and methods: A double-blind randomized clinical trial was done in 112 individuals selected based on pilot data. The subjects were divided into three groups (2 case groups and 1 control group) and treated with chlorhexidine and Rosa damascena and vinegar mouthwash. Gingival index (GI), periodontal index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded initially and later evaluated at weeks one and three. Data were analyzed by SPSS V20.
Results: Reduction in PI, GI, and BOP was greater in chlorhexidine group followed by Rosa damascena and vinegar groups, while, the lowest rate of changes in the aforementioned indices was seen in placebo group. There were significant differences in BOP and GI between Rosa damascena and vinegar mouthwash and placebo (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Rosa damascena and vinegar mouthwash are effective in treating gingivitis, but less effective than oral chlorhexidine mouthwash. Therefore, further longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the long term effect of Rosa damascena and vinegar mouthwash on gingivitis and other conditions such as periodontitis.
 
(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT2017050233770N1)

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Background and purpose: Periapical inflammatory lesions are localized periapical bone reactions that result from pulp necrosis and inflammation or periodontal diseases. Inappropriate treatments are often considered as one of the main factors associated with apical periodontitis. This study was done to evaluate periapical radiolucencies in panoramic radiographs.
Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 332 panoramic radiographs of patients attending Sari School of Dentistry (2016-2019) were assessed. The Periapical Index was used to evaluate the presence of periapical lesions. Also, the quality of treated teeth was determined by optimal quality indices. Data analysis was done in SPSS V.016
Results: Periapical lesions (PAI = III-V) were seen in 75.4% of the teeth investigated and in 90.2% of teeth with root canal therapy (RCT) and 68% of untreated teeth. Periapical radiolucencies were mostly found in RCT teeth with inadequate filling density and length. The prevelance of lesions were higher in males. The presence of lesions increased in jaws from the anterior to the posterior, and the frequency of lesions was higher in the maxilla than the mandible.
Conclusion: The frequency of periapical lesions in RCT teeth was very high. The findings showed that the quality of density and length of filling has a significant effect on prevelance of preapical lesions. Poor RCT leads to low success rate in the treatment of teeth.
 

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 Modes of transmission of the COVID-19 virus are still unclear. The virus could spread through direct routes, including aerosols and saliva, and indirect transmission through contaminated surfaces. Dental practitioners produce airborne infectious particles especially when using rotary instruments during treatment. Oral fluids, blood, and oral mucosa are also sources of infection, so dentists are exposed to coronavirus more than other medical staff. Indeed, designing appropriate protocols and prevention strategies are highly important. In this review paper, we will explain and review the transmission pathways of the coronavirus, clinical signs of infected patients, dental office infection control, and dental treatment considerations.

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Correction to: An Ex vivo Analysis of Apical Transportation in Root Canals Prepared with BT Race Rotary and Hand K-Flexofile by Cone Beam Computed Tomography
 
Abbas Mesgarani¹,
Azadeh Zakariaie²,
Azam Haddadi Kohsar¹,
Sina Haghanifar3,
Jamshid Yazdani Charati4,
Arman Ebrahimi^5
 
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
² Resident of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Isfahan (khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
³ Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
⁴ Professor, Department of Biostatistics, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
⁵ Resident of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Isfahan (khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
 
 
 
 

In the article published in volume 30, issue 185, 2020, the the academic rank and affiliation for the Jamshid Yazdani Charati was published incorrectly, which is now corrected.
 
 
 

J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2020; 30(188): 203-204 (Persian).

 

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 Background and purpose: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral mucosal diseases. The etiology of RAS is unknown, however, some factors are considered to be involved in its occurrence, including genetic factors, trauma, menstruation, stress, anxiety, etc. Mental disorders such as stress and anxiety play a key role in the onset and recurrence of RAS lesions. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of mental health and oral health-related quality of life in patients with RAS.
Materials and methods: This case-control study was performed in 270 people, including 135 males and 135 females. The participants were investigated in two groups; the case group (n= 64 with RAS, 30 males and 34 females) and healthy controls (n=105). Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)-14 and General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) were completed by both groups. Data analysis was done in SPSS V24.
Results: Oral health-related quality of life in patients with RAS was significantly lower than the control group in all aspects (P<0.001). Mental health status was significantly different between the case group and controls in all aspects (P<0.001) except depression (P= 0.19).
Conclusion: The present study showed the role of mental health in incidence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis, so paying attention to mental health is recommended along with other factors that cause this condition.
 

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 Background and purpose: This study investigated the relationship between oral health related quality of life and hyposalivation and dry mouth in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) undergoing hemodialysis.
Materials and methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 200 patients with CRF undergoing hemodialysis attending the dialysis department in Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital, 2021. Patients completed oral health-related quality of life questionnaires (OHIP-14) with additive and simple count assessment methods. To diagnose dry mouth, unstimulated saliva was collected and patients were asked nine questions, of which five positive answers indicated dry mouth. Data analysis was done in SPSS V18. Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficient were applied to investigate the association between quality of life score and unstimulated salivary flow, and t-test or Mann-Whitney test were used to compare the quality of life scores between the groups with and without dry mouth.
Results: Hyposalivation was observed in 66 patients (33%). The OHIP-14 score was significantly higher in both additive and simple count methods in patients with dry mouth and hyposalivation (P<0.05). Comparing different variables, the findings showed that 66.7% of the patients with hyposalivation were older than 58 years of age (P=0.007). In addition, 60.6% of patients with dry mouth had diabetes (P=0.01).
Conclusion: Dry mouth and hyposalivation reduce the quality of life in patients with CRF undergoing hemodialysis. Also, dry mouth and hyposalivation were relatively common problems in these patients. The treatment of these problems is necessary because of their impact on patients' quality of life.
 

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Background and Purpose: Diabetes Mellitus is a group of complex, multi-system metabolic disorders that alter many functions of the immune system and are associated with delayed recovery and a reduced immune response. Apical periodontitis is the inflammation and destruction of the periodontium in the apical region of the root, originating from the pulp, and as a result, an inflammatory response creates a radiolucent area at the root apex. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the presence of pulp and periapical lesions and controlled type 2 diabetes in the radiographic images of patients.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 45 patients were included in the case group (patients with controlled diabetes) and 45 in the control group (healthy individuals). Periapical and endodontic status was evaluated based on examinations using panoramic and periapical images. In the dental examinations (excluding third molars), the following were recorded for each patient: the number of teeth in the mouth, the number and location of teeth without root canal treatment with a periapical lesion, the number and location of teeth with root canal treatment, and the number and location of teeth with root canal treatment with a periapical lesion. The periodontal condition was assessed using the periapical index (PAI), with scores greater than 3 considered indicative of periapical pathology. For inferential analysis, chi-square tests and independent t-tests were used.
Results: Among the 90 participants, 53 were women and 37 were men. The average age of the participants was 43.6 years, and the average age was higher in the diabetic group. In total, 52.2% of patients had periapical lesions and 63.3% had pulpal lesions, with these two lesions being significantly more common in diabetic individuals(P<0.05). Among all patients, there was a significant relationship between gender and periapical lesions (P=0.022), with women having a higher prevalence of these lesions. In non-diabetic individuals, unlike diabetic individuals, the relationship between gender and periapical lesions was significant, with women having more lesions(P=0.03). Across all patients, there was a significant relationship between age and periapical lesions (P=0.001), with the average age being higher in patients with periapical lesions. In diabetic individuals, unlike non-diabetic individuals, no significant relationship was observed between these two variables (P=0.828).
Conclusion: The study results demonstrated a significant relationship between the prevalence of pulp and periapical lesions and factors such as sex, age, and type 2 diabetes. The findings revealed that the prevalence of pulp and periapical lesions is higher in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to those without diabetes. The likelihood of developing these lesions increases with age and is generally higher in women. Additionally, no correlation was found between the prevalence of pulp and periapical lesions in men without type 2 diabetes and increasing age in individuals with type 2 diabetes.