---

Abstract In recent decades, intensive research and development has been undertaken in the field of nanotechnology. Nano products have been widely developed and applied in different areas including aerospace, military, food and chemical industries, pharmacology and medicine as well as nanopesticides. The latter are particularly important in medicine and health because they are more effective than their conventional counterparts against agricultural pests and vectors of human diseases such as malaria mosquitoes. Another issue that dictates boosting in research and development in nanopesticides is the problem of insecticide resistance because of which not very many suitable insecticides are available especially for public health purposes. Although to date several different nanopesticides were manufactured using different technologies, given the urgency of need to this group of pesticides, reviewing the manufacturing methodologies of these pesticides is of crucial importance. Introducing this rather new technology to the scientific community may increase the research and development in the area. In this review, the subject of nanopesticides, their manufacturing methodologies and the species produced are introduced and at the same time, environmental considerations and toxicity to mammals are discussed.

---

Background and purpose: Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of death in the world. Targeted drug delivery to cells, tissues or specialized receptor cells is an advanced technology in treatment of HCC. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity properties of DTX nanoparticles. In this research nanoparticles were prepared through radical polymerization. Materials and methods: HepG2 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 10,000 viable cells per well. Then 0.01-0.50 µg/ml of the nanoparticle and the free drug was added the day after seeding. Afterwards, the number of viable cells was counted and the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes of the cells was detected in 24, 48 and 72 hrs using MTT assay. Results: The results of MTT assay showed strong and dose-dependent inhibition of HepG2 carcinoma cell growth of the nanoparticle compared with DTX. Inhibitory concentrations (IC50) that was obtained for nanoparticles and free drug incubation times of 24, 48 and 72 hours were 1.02 ± 0.68, 0.39 ± 0.86, 0.20 ± 0.93 and 10.39 ± 1.34, 8.87 ± 0.97, 5.99 ± 0.76 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed higher cytotoxity effect of nanoparticles in comparison with free drug against HepG2 cell lines in all mentioned incubation times. Hence, thiolated-chitosan nanoparticles could be a potentially useful delivery system for docetaxel as an anticancer agent in treatment of liver cancer.

---

Background and purpose: Biological monitoring for workers exposed to solvents includes complementary environmental monitoring which is useful in toxic chemical risk assessments. The aim of this study was environmental and biological monitoring of workers exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in petrochemical industry. Material and Methods: Air and urine samples were collected from 104 individuals working in petrochemical industry. NIOSH 2549 method was used to determine the concentrations of benzene, toluene, xylene isomers, phenol, and methyl ethyl ketone in breathing environment. In order to determine the concentration of urinary metabolites, urine samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Urinary creatinine level was measured by UV-VIS spectrophotometer. To analyze the data t-test and linear regression were performed in SPSS V.16. Results: The mean concentrations of benzene, toluene, O and m-xylene, P-xylene, phenol and methyl ethyl ketone in breath samples were 1.192, 1.300, 1.97, 1.290, 0.0116, and 2.243 ppm, respectively. The mean concentrations of urinary trans, t- MA, hippuric acid, 2, 3 and 4-methyl hippuric acid, and phenol were 1431 µgr/grCr, 0.3949, 0.4444, 0.1483 gr/grCr, and 0.5850mgr/grCr creatinine, respectively. Concentrations of urinary methyl ethyl ketone were 0.154 mgr/lit. There was a direct linear relationship between concentration of VOCs in the air and urinary metabolites (P>0.05). The results showed that increase in working hours per week resulted in increased level of urinary t, t- MA, methyl hippuric acid isomers and phenol (P>0.05). Conclusion: The mean concentration of benzene in breathing environment, urinary t, and t- MA was higher than the ACGIH's Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) while the mean concentrations of other compounds were lower than TLV and BEI. We also found that smoking increased urinary excretion of all metabolites expect hippuric acid.

---

Controlling the release of drugs and other therapeutic molecules has great importance in novel drug delivery. Nanoparticulate systems have the ability to control drug release and increase the presence of these compounds in blood flow and could convey them to a specific position. Growth factors are endogenous peptide which begins cellular signals to regulate cellular activities. The main problem is the instability of these factors in bloodstream and lack of proper distribution in systemic administration. Nanoparticles mainly nanocarriers have the ability to overcome this problem and play a great role in intelligentization of tissue engineering because of their unique features, including the creation of physical protection and collaboration with the scaffolds and cells. Due to the increasing use of growth factors in healing damaged tissues, and their application in tissue engineering, in this article a number of nanoparticles useful for the release of growth factors with a few examples are reviewed.

---

Background and purpose: Exjade^® is developed by Novartis pharmaceutical company and contains the active substance deferasirox, an orally active iron chelator for treatment of chronic iron overload following blood transfusions such as beta thalassemia. The aim of this study was to compare the physicochemical characteristics of branded generic product of deferasirox, Osveral^®, produced by Osveh pharmaceutical company (in Iran) with the original brand.

Materials and methods: Three doses (125, 250 and 500 mg) of deferasirox reference tablets (Exjade^®) were compared with the same doses of Osveral^®. Three batches of each product were randomly selected and physicochemical evaluations including appearance, disintegration time, hardness, assay, in vitro drug release and content uniformity were determined. Also, the similarity factor was calculated based on ICH (International Conference Harmonization) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines. The drug entrapped in the tablets was determined by HPLC. The dissolution rates were measured in solution media (phosphate buffered and sodium Lauryl sulfate at 37 ºC) within 30 min by USP apparatus II (Paddle) at 50 RPM speed after 5, 10, 20 and 30 min intervals.

Results: The results indicated that physicochemical properties of Osveral^® were similar to those of Exjade^®. Disintegration time for both products was less than 1 min and drug assay was between 90 – 110%. In addition, the similarity factor was more than 50% for all doses.

Conclusion: Osveral^® is a reliable branded generic formulation of deferasirox for treatment of chronic iron overload states.

---

Background and purpose: Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide that is absorbed orally, subcutaneously and by inhalation in humans and animals and disturbs the reduction process, changes the activity of antioxidant enzymes and increases the lipid peroxidation in many organs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of myricetin against endosulfan induced liver damage.

Materials and methods: In an experimental study 42 male Wister rats were randomly divided into 7 groups (n=6 per group). Group I served as the control and the experimental groups were as follows: group II- Ѵ received endosulfan 10 mg/kg and myricetin 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg/ip for 30 days, respectively. Group IѴwas treated only by 10 mg/kg endosulfan and group IIѴ as positive control received 10 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (ip, 30 days). Twenty four hours after the last injection, all rats were anesthetized using ethyl ether. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were measured in plasma. Liver glutathione (GSH) levels were also determined.

Results: Administration of endosulfan caused elevation in ALT, AST, ALP and SOD levels, but the activity of GSH decreased in liver tissue. Receiving myricetin along with endosulfan significantly increased body antioxidant activity and normalized the liver enzyme levels (P˂ 0.05).

Conclusion: Our results indicated that myricetin with antioxidant effect could protect cells against harmful free radicals. Therefore, further clinical trials are suggested.

---

Background and purpose: H1N1 influenza circulate worldwide and affects the world population in case of pandemic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the awareness of urban family physicians in Mazandaran province, Iran about H1N1 influenza.
Materials and methods: In a descriptive study, 373 urban family physicians were questioned. A standard questionnaire including different items were completed by participants. The items included epidemiology (7 questions), treatment (5 questions), virology and diagnosis (5 questions), clinical manifestations (6 questions), and prevention (4 questions) of H1N1 influenza. Data was then coded and analyzed in SPSS V18 applying Chi-square, t-test, and Fisher's exact test.
Results: The participants were 47.5% females and 52.5% males. The levels of knowledge about H1N1 influenza were poor in 0.8%, fair in 11.3% and good in 60.3%. Also, 27.6% of the participants had excellent levels of knowledge on this type of influenza. The average scores of participants for epidemiology, virology and diagnostics, clinical manifestations, prevention, and treatment were 4.30, 3.38, 4.59, 2.79, and 3.67, respectively. The mean scores for knowledge in epidemiology and treatment were found to be higher in female physicians compared to those of their male counterparts. Our results indicated a direct correlation between experience and knowledge on virology, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, and prevention and treatment, while it was inversely related with knowledge on epidemiology of H1N1 influenza.
Conclusion: This study showed a relatively high level of knowledge among urban family physicians in Mazandaran province about H1N1 influenza. But they are strongly recommended to participate in continues education programs that increase their awareness and enhance their knowledge.
 

---

Background and purpose: Improvement of anti-bacterial properties of restorative materials to deal with microbes causing secondary caries of tooth has attracted interest of many researchers. Thus, in this study the antibacterial effect of zinc phosphate nanoparticles, synthesized with biological method, was investigated by adding it to glass ionomer cement against the Streptococcus mutans.
Materials and methods: Synthesis of the nanoparticles was carried out using two main sources of zinc nitrate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate in presence of Enterobacter aerogenes.  Furthermore, their antimicrobial effect was investigated by adding different concentrations of nanoparticles (0, 1, 2, 3, and 5%) to glass ionomer. In addition, bacterial cultures of 0.5 McFarland and its medium were added to the above mixture and were incubated in 37ºC. After 3, 6, and 24 hr they were cultured on agar plates to grow. In the end, the number of bacterial colonies grown on the plates was counted and compared.
Results: Adding nanoparticles to glass ionomer improved its antibacterial effect and this effect enhanced when the concentrations of nanoparticles increased.
Conclusion: Synthesized nanoparticles are appropriate to be added to the glass ionomer cements because of their impressive effect on inhibiting the growth of bacteria and sharing same coloring with teeth.
 

---

Background and purpose: Hydrogels are used as carriers to control drug release. Ostrich oil has fatty acids which plays an important role in growth, division, and health of cells and cause wound healing and have anti-inflammatory effects.
Materials and methods: In this experimental study, pH sensitive hydrogel was produced by chitosan deviation and open ring Poly-vinyl pyrrolidon (OR-PVP). The physicochemical characteristics of ostrich oil hydrogel was studied and its analgesic effect on mice was investigated by hot plate and formalin test.
Results: Compared with other formulations, formulations containing chitosan with high molecular weight showed better results. The ratio of OR-PVP to high molecular chitosan was 0.4 for the best formulation. All formulations with 30% ostrich oil were found to have good analgesic effects.
Conclusion: This study showed that ostrich oil hydrogel could reduce inflammation and
central pain.
 

---

Background and purpose: Microbial electro-Fenton system as a novel technology can be employed in removal of resistant organic pollutants along with generation of renewable electrical energy through the activity of anaerobic microorganisms. This study aimed at investigating the performance of this process in treatment of synthetic wastewater containing tetracycline and generation of electricity in different electrical circuit conditions.
Materials and methods: In this experimental study, a two-chambered microbial electro-Fenton reactor equipped with anodic and cathodic carbon felt electrodes and Nafion membrane, along with 2000 mg/L substrate and anaerobic sludge as inoculum in anodic chamber and 10 mg/L tetracycline in cathodic chamber was used in open, closed, and short circuit conditions. The effect of electrical circuit type on the removal efficiency of tetracycline and generation of electrical energy was investigated during the operation of the reactor.
Results: Microbial electro-Fenton system was found to be more efficient in removal of tetracycline in short circuit condition due to improved generation of current density. In this study, 260 mV and 93.13 mW/m² in current density of 695 mA/m² were obtained in short circuit conditions.
Conclusion: The study showed that the microbial electro-Fenton system can be utilized as a suitable method in removal of various pharmaceutical contaminants from wastewater while producing renewable and clean energy in open, closed, and short electrical circuits.

 

---

Background and purpose: Cancer is one of the causes of mortality worldwide. Evidence suggests that iron depletion by a chelator agent suppresses the development of some cancer cells. Deferasirox is shown to have anticancer properties. This research aims to synthesize and evaluate the effects of deferasirox nanoparticles on human breast cancer cells (SKBR3) and mouse breast cancer cells (4T1) compared with the drug form.
Materials and methods: Deferasirox nanoparticles were synthesized by Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) moiety with emulsion formation and solvent evaporation. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay and their 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) were assessed in SKBR3 and 4T1.
Results: Findings showed that IC50 of nano-deferasirox for SKBR3 and 4T1 were 9.09±0.011 µg/ml and 6.6±0.032 µg/ml, respectively and the IC50 of the deferasirox drug form for SKBR3 and 4T1 IC50 were 21.07±0.003 µg/ml and 11.08±0.013 µg/ml, respectively.
Conclusion: The anticancer effects of deferasirox were confirmed on the cell lines, and the improved properties and efficacy were also confirmed on two cancer cell lines. Nanoparticle delivery systems improve absorption and drug properties and increase the effectiveness of the drug.

 

---

 The cell culture technique is one of the tools used in cellular and molecular biology such as cancer cell culture, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture has gained attention in cancer research. Scaffolds are porous structures that are used in 3D cell culture to mimic the 3D architecture of tissues and provide more accurate information about tumor cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), and tumor characteristics. These scaffolds are based on synthetic polymers or ECM components and can promote the signaling pathways, survival, and proliferation of cancer cells. Natural and synthetic polymers, hydrogels and microspheres can be used to make 3D scaffolds. 3D cancer cell culture technology can improve cancer treatment. This review article discusses recent advances in the field of scaffold-based 3D models in cancer tissues.
 

---

---

Background and purpose: Artificial intelligence (AI), as a novel technology, has a wide range of applications in pharmaceutical education, one of the most important being improving the learning and teaching process. However, using AI in pharmaceutical education requires attention to ethical and legal issues. This review article explores the applications of AI in pharmaceutical education and discusses the legal and ethical challenges associated with its use.
Materials and methods: This study reviews the application of AI in pharmaceutical science, particularly its various aspects in teaching pharmacy students. It also describes the legal and ethical challenges of using AI in this field.
Results: The most important applications of AI in pharmaceutical education include increased personalization, improved efficiency, and effectiveness of the learning process. Additionally, using virtual assistants and AI chatbots to increase interaction and motivation, speeding up exam processes and grading, and using simulation technologies to enhance laboratory and clinical skills are effective. The most significant ethical challenges in the functioning of AI include inequality, racial discrimination, inaccurate data processing, and more. From a legal perspective, concerns such as insufficient protection of personal information, lack of privacy protection, responsibility, and liability identification mechanisms in case of damage caused by the tool's performance exist.
Conclusion: Despite the useful applications of AI in personalized education and increasing efficiency and motivation of pharmacy students, ethical and legal challenges such as privacy protection, elimination of discrimination, intellectual property rights, and transparency in accountability can be addressed to alleviate concerns associated with the use of this new technology.

 

---

Background and purpose: Menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MB-MSCs) expressing CD44, CD90, and CD105 markers were recently introduced. These cells are a good source of stem cells for research and use in regenerative medicine due to uncomplicated collection without invasive surgical intervention or ethical issues. Cell culture is one of the most essential techniques in molecular cell biology, and the culture medium is the most critical component. Serum is one of the crucial components of the culture medium and a protective solution. One of the most common serums used in cell culture is fetal bovine serum (FBS). This serum is an unknown mixture and can contain unfavorable factors such as endotoxin, mycoplasma, viral contaminants, or prion proteins. Therefore, there is a need for a human substitute for FBS that can be utilized for clinical applications. In this study, a humanized protocol utilizing autologous serum (AS) instead of FBS is tested to investigate the expansion of MB-MSCs and exosomes released from these cells.
Materials and methods: A menstrual blood sample was collected from the donor on the second day of menstruation. Autologous serum samples were also collected to prepare the culture medium. First, mesenchymal stem cells were extracted from menstrual blood and then cultured in an environment enriched with autologous serum at different concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20%. The investigation was done on the cells obtained in the third passage. Cultured cells in autologous serum were analyzed regarding expansion and expression of mesenchymal surface markers (CD73 and CD105). An inverted microscope was used to study the expansion, and flow cytometry was used to investigate the expression of mesenchymal markers. Also, in the next step, the culture medium of cultured cells in autologous serum was collected for exosome isolation. Exosome isolation was done by a three-step combination method of sedimentation, size exclusion chromatography with CL-2B sepharose resin, and making it concentrated. Finally, the purified exosomes were analyzed regarding morphology, size, and expression of CD9, CD63, and CD81 markers. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and flow cytometry analysis were operated, respectively.
Results: According to the observations, cell expansion was observed in all three concentrations of autologous serum, and the most favorable results were marked in the concentration of 15%. In addition, flow cytometry results indicated the expression of mesenchymal markers CD73 and CD105 in cells cultured with 15% autologous serum. Exosomes were isolated from the culture medium of mesenchymal stem cells cultured with autologous serum, and their characteristics were investigated using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscope, and flow cytometry techniques. The size of the exosomes ranged from 30-150 nm, and their morphology was cup-shaped. The expression of exosome markers such as CD9, CD63, and CD81 was also confirmed.
Conclusion: As a result, with the increase of using mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine, it is imperative to ensure the safety of the process and materials used in this field. Therefore, autologous serum can be a suitable option for the culture of mesenchymal stem cells derived from menstrual blood.
 

---

Pedram Ebrahimnejad¹
Mohamadsadegh Amirkhanloo²
Fatemeh Shaki<sup>3,4

1</sup> Associate Professor, Department of Phramacutical Siencesd, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
² PhD in Private Law, Mehrandish Educational Law Institute, Gorgan, Iran
³ Associate Professor, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
⁴ The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran




In the article published in volume 33, issue 227, 2023, the second author’s last name was incorrect. It should have been Mohamadsadegh Amirkhanloo, which is now corrected.


 

---

Background and purpose: In universities, the issue of attracting and retaining faculty members is of great importance. If this is not possible for any reason, it can lead to the academic stagnation of academic staff members the loss of motivation in their career path, and interruption in the implementation of their seven duties. Considering the importance of the advancement of academic staff members as educational and research elites of the country and their significant role in training skilled human resources, especially the role of academic staff members of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in training graduates of medical sciences that are related to the general health of the society, are related, this study was carried out to identify, diagnosing the factors and ways to prevent their scientific stagnation.
Materials and methods: This study was conducted with a qualitative method from January to December 2023. In this research, according to the nature of qualitative research, to explain the perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of the participants, the purposeful sampling method with maximum diversity was used, as well as the snowball sampling method because the goal was to select participants, Which was a rich source of information and helped the researcher to better understand the concept of scientific stagnation. The participants were faculty members who had been faculty members for at least 10 years. In addition to conducting in-depth and semi-structured interviews, upstream documents and the results of similar studies were also examined.
Results: In total, 3 themes, 18 categories, and 118 codes were extracted as follows: The main themes of this study are the causes of scientific stagnation, the challenges of the advancement path, and the strategies to prevent scientific stagnation. The theme of scientific stagnation includes 47 codes and 6 categories (individual, organizational, psychological, skill, job, and research factors). The content of the challenges of the promotion path, including 33 codes and 6 categories (the challenges of the path of the promotion regulations, challenges in cultural, educational, research, executive activities, and challenges of examining cases for promotion of scientific rank). The content of the solutions to prevent scientific stagnation includes 38 codes and 6 categories (the solution to prevent scientific stagnation in connection with the regulation of promotion, cultural, educational, research, executive activities, and the review of files for the promotion of scientific rank.)
Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the researchers identified the causes of scientific stagnation; also, they believe that revising the promotion regulations is the most important way to prevent scientific stagnation. They stated that in the revision of the bylaws, in addition to the quantitative indicators, in each of the scoring factors, their quality can also be addressed. In terms of education, the quality and innovation of education should be considered. In the research section, pay attention to the applicability of the research. They believed that scientific stagnation is preventable and can be countered through broader scientific productivity measures and reward systems that encourage innovative and exploratory projects. In the executive department, the quality of work and useful changes and developments during the executive activity should be the criteria. In cultural activities, pay attention to social and quality activities; also, they brought up the faster process of promotion cases and the existence of elite human resources to handle possible problems. They stated that with the approach of delegating authority to the country's medical sciences universities and revising the promotion and promotion bylaws, it is possible to deal with the factors causing scientific stagnation and take a step towards a responsive university.
 

---

Background and purpose: Among the accidents that threaten human life, burn accidents are one of the worst. Burns are the fourth most common trauma worldwide and cause death, disability, pain, and many other problems. Faster healing of burn wounds is one of the health priorities of countries and it's important as a principle in the science of treatment. This research aims to determine and compare the effectiveness of hydrogel dressings containing allantoin and silver nanoparticles in the treatment of second-degree burn wounds.
Materials and methods: This study was designed as a randomized controlled clinical trial. A total of 86 patients were selected in the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were randomly divided into two groups: A=43 and B=43, using a block method of 4. Group A patients received hydrogel containing silver nanoparticles and allantoin with a thickness of 2 millimeters and then sterile gauze and bandage on top of it, and group B patients received the usual treatment (Vaseline gauze, 0.5% acetic acid and 1% betadine). Local treatment was performed every 48 hours, and dressing was applied after each treatment. The condition of the wounds, including the presence or absence of granulation tissue, bleeding, pain, infection, and other wound complications or healing factors, was recorded and evaluated by visiting and observing every 48 hours.
Results: The average age in the intervention group was 10.2 years and in the control group was 9.9 years, and the difference was not statistically significant, P=0.456. 48% of the patients in the intervention group were male 52% were female, and in the control group, 44% were male and 56% were female, and the difference was not statistically significant, P=0.665. The average percentage of burns in the intervention group was 9.04% and in the control group was 9.58%, which was not statistically significant P=0.289. The type of burn in the intervention group was liquid 69% and flame 31%, and in the control group, liquid 65% and flame 34%, which was not statistically significant P=0.645.The intervention group had 55% of limbs and 45% of trunk and the control group had 63% of limbs and 37% of trunk, which difference was not statistically significant, P=0.510. In other words, the two groups were homogenous in age, sex, average burn percentage, burn mechanism, and location, and there were no significant differences. The average onset of epithelialization in the intervention group was 4.5 days (74% of patients on day 4 and 23% on day 6) and 6.4 days in the control group (60% of patients on day 6 and 30% on day 8), which was statistically significant P<0.001. The average intensity of pain in the intervention group was 5 out of 10 and in the control group was 7 out of 10, and this difference was statistically significant P<0.001.
Conclusion: The results of this study show that patients treated with a hydrogel dressing containing silver nanoparticles and allantoin had a statistically significant difference in the onset of wound epithelialization and pain intensity, compared to the usual dressing. This dressing can be used as a suitable alternative in the treatment of second-degree burn wounds compared to routine dressings. Therefore, offering it to the medical team, who play an essential role in the treatment of patients with burns, will reduce the length of hospitalization and the costs.

(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20210918052511N2)
 

---

Knowledge translation is the sharing of knowledge obtained from research with knowledge users, including community members, organizations, and policymakers, to use it to improve systems and improve the provision of services and products. The implementation of the knowledge translation process in the health field is facing challenges in our country, which is partly because of insufficient knowledge about the concept of knowledge translation and how to implement the knowledge translation process. In the present study, the definition of knowledge translation, and how the process and tools of knowledge translation were discussed, and then, while reviewing the status of knowledge translation in Iranian universities of medical sciences, solutions for the implementation of knowledge translation were presented. Some of the mentioned knowledge translation tools in this study are podcasts, three-minute thesis presentations, webinars, infographics, research news from research results, press releases, journal clubs, policy briefs, and clinical guidelines. The situation of knowledge translation has been reported as inappropriate and incomplete in medical sciences universities of Iran. In these studies, the evaluation was done using the evaluation tool of knowledge translation, which included the four areas of audience needs assessment, knowledge production, knowledge transfer, and evidence application. According to the current situation of knowledge translation, the implementation solutions of knowledge translation in each field have been presented separately. Appropriate networking between knowledge producers and knowledge users, as well as holding regular meetings with representatives of executive organizations and industry owners to determine research priorities, are among the solutions presented in the audience needs assessment section. Creating the infrastructure to carry out research projects based on the needs of the audience, allocating the necessary resources for the implementation of research projects, active participation of representatives of executive organizations in the process of conducting research, creating an internal network between academic researchers to advance research priorities as much as possible, and also pay attention to the quality of knowledge production to gain the trust of the audience are the solutions provided in the knowledge production sector. Acquainting researchers with the field of knowledge transfer and its importance, allocating resources to implement the knowledge transfer process, using appropriate and up-to-date tools for knowledge transfer by researchers, and creating rules to support researchers who, before publishing their research findings in reputable journals, publish them through other means of knowledge transfer, institutionalizing the mechanisms of benefiting from the research achievements in the general education program, and also considering the incentive plans for the transfer of the produced knowledge are among the solutions presented in the knowledge transfer section. Producing valid and reliable evidence, placing produced evidence at the disposal of policymakers, building trust in the audience by researchers, policymakers, and relevant officials to use produced evidence, informing the audience about the need to use production evidence, creating appropriate communication between knowledge producers and knowledge users through the use of knowledge brokers, the existence of resources and financial support for the use of evidence by policymakers as well as target audiences are some of the solutions provided in the use of evidence section

---

Background and purpose: One of the response areas of Iran's health system in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic is the area of health and prevention. In many countries of the world, the primary strategy against COVID-19 is prevention and health, and this issue was considered before treatment. Considering that the COVID-19 pandemic was a new event and a new experience for health systems around the world, there is a need to investigate the different effects of this emerging phenomenon in different populations. Therefore, this study was conducted to explain the experiences of the health management of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.
Materials and methods: This applied research was conducted in terms of the qualitative paradigm and by the method of summative content analysis. In this study, semi-structured interviews and existing documents of university vice-chancellors during the COVID-19 pandemic were used. In this study, interviews were conducted with 16 officials of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (The president of the university, vice president of health, health managers, doctors, experts of health centers, and also experts who worked in the university headquarters in the department of health vice) and a three-hour focus group of 15 people. The participants were selected based on the goal of maximum diversity. For the validity and strength of the study, the criteria proposed by Goba and Lincoln were used. The researcher tried to increase the credibility of the research with long-term involvement and sufficient interaction with the participants, collecting valid information and confirming the information by the participants. The researcher tried to increase the reliability of the data by repeating step by step and collecting and analyzing the data, taking advantage of the review by the experts. To increase the data Confirmability criteria, the approval of the associate professors of the project and their supplementary comments were used. To be able to transfer the data of the study, the researcher tried to provide a rich description of the research report to evaluate and applicability of the research in other fields so that other researchers can also be able to understand the data and achieve the same, as well as the participation quotes. The participants were presented in the same way as said. In this study, MAXQDA software was used for data analysis.
Results: From the data analysis, two main layers (health challenges, preventive and coping strategies) and eight sub-layers (challenge of lack/delay in receiving health-treatment services, epidemiological challenge, health management challenge, vaccination challenge, strategies Receive health-treatment services on time to promote community health, epidemiological strategies, strategies for implementation of health guidelines, strategies for implementation of COVID-19 vaccination) and twenty-six sub-categories were extracted.
Conclusion: Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences faced many challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, by holding decision-making meetings and coordinating various health units, in line with the policies of the ministry, providing suitable solutions for prevention and countermeasures. The results of this study can be used to teach other university officials to deal with other emerging diseases and the future planning of health policymakers. It is suggested to conduct a study comparing the rate of acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in normal people and medical staff and related factors at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.