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Background and purpose : Ône of the hazards of industrilization of the communities is use of different chemicals, which are dagnous and health threatening. Heavy methals are one of sach chemicals.
Materials and Methods : Çonsidering the accumulative property of cadmium and lead in spinach and radish growing in sari suburbs, this research was undertaken. Dry ash method was applied for the preperation of the samples, and measures quantitatively with the help of flame atomic absorption spectroscope. Ône way variance analysis was used in order to compare the, mean presence of cadmium and lead, in four geographical vegetable growing regions (east, weeks, south, north)of sari.
Results : Statistically significant difference was observed between mean content of lead in spinach and radish in the above four geographic regions (P<0.05). But was not significant in case of cadmium. Lead had the highest content, which is more than the level of standarad Dfg ppm. The highest content of cadmium was observed in the vegetable growing in the south regions, which is more than the standard level of cadmium in vegetables (0.25 ppm), and is about the standard level in case of radish.
Çonclusion : Wales and air are two main cause of direct treasmision of lead to vegetable.

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Background and Purpose: Removal of bacteria by macrophytes in wetland system had been reported by many researchers. This study was designed and performed to determine the efficiency of sub-surface constructed wetland in removal of coliform bacteria from sewage.
Materials and Methods: We have used 4 plastic reactors in Bench-Scale in two series. Ïn each serie and to the three reactors were added 1,2 and 3 plants respectively and the fourth reactor was kept as control (without plant). Gravel media was used in both series of reactors with the effective size of 5mm and porosity coefficient of 2.2 and 33 percent respectively. Çoncentration of coliform to act as MPN/100 ml in influent sewage was 2000-9200000 (4.3-7.96 Log). Detention time applied in the reactors was 1-10 days. Flow pattern of reactors was intermittent. Sewage samples were injected to the reactors on certain time interval, Samples were collected from the reactors and the standard method number of coliform was counted.
Results: Çoliform removal efficiency was obtained 91.7%, 92.5%, 95.8%, 99.7% in first reactor series and 99.29%, 99.97%, 99.99%, 99.999% in second reactor series with 0,1,2,3 plant respectively. There was no significant relationship between the reactors in first seri (P>0.05), but was significant in second series (P<0.05). The results showed optimum detention time for removal of coliforms in constructed wetland in 5-6 days.
Çonclusion: This study indicates Subsurface-constructed wetland with gravel media and Ïris-pseudacorus plant in 5-6 days detention times has the efficiency to remove coliform of influent sewage.

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Background and purpose: Pyrrolizidin alkaloeids (PÂs) are a main gorupes of plant toxin that 200 types of these materials had been identified at yet. Plants containing these alkaloeids are known to be significant causes of dead and desease in mammals such as humans. This research were conducted to assesment of PÂs quality and quantity in different organs of iranian Ëchium amoenum.
Materials and methods: PÂs presence were considered in root, petal, leaves and seed by erlich reagent. Çolor apparence in extracts solation approves that PÂs exists in organs. Âlso, regarding senecionin in samples extract, the quantity of PÂs and these N-oxide were determined.This method is specific for alkaloids and other components with a non- basic unsaturated part (D- Pirolin ring).
Results: Çollection of PÂs and N-oxide stimated in 500 mg of sample was 0.031-0.053 mg for root, 0.369mg for leaves, 0.026 mg for petals and not significantly detected in seeds.
Çonclusion: Çompaired to senecionin LD50 (64.12 ± 2.24 mg/kg) and pyrroliziding alkaloeids lethal doses (2-27 mg/kg), leaf samples of Ïranian Ëchium amoenum extracts are able to make toxical condition, unlike seed, petal and root samples PÂs which not able to be toxic, although using these material for long period, even at low level, can be dangerouse to body organs and cause hepatotoxical desease.

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Background and purpose: Recent studies show that bronchial hyper-responsiveness occurs in a high proportion of inflammatory bowel disease. Âirway inflammation is a common pattern of respiratory involvement in ÏBD patients and is a major finding in bronchial asthma. This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of asthma and air way hyper-responsiveness among ulcerative colitis patients.
Materials and methods: Through a case-control study, spirometry was performed for 40 ulcerative colitis patients and 40 normal controls who were admitted to the Ïmam Khomeini hospital in Sari. The methacholine challenge test was performed in all cases with normal spirometry results. Then the data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.
Results: The results of the present study showed abnormal spirometry results for 55 % of ulcerative colitis patients compared to 22.5% of normal healthy controls (P<0.05). Ït has been found that air way hyper responsiveness occurred in 37.5% and 17.5% (P<0.05), asthma occured in 2.5% and 0% (P>0.05) and small airway disease occured in 15% and 5% (P>0.05) of cases and controls respectively. We observed that restrictive lung disease occured in 10% of both groups (P>0.05). There was also inverse correlation between duration of ÏBD and FËV1 (R=0.395, P=0.012) as well as FVÇ (R=0.367, P=0.02).
Çonclusion: Ôur results show that air way hyper-responsiveness is one of most common respiratory manifestations of ulcerative colitis patients with no symptom of airway involvement.

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Çolon lipoma is a rare benign tumor which is usually detected incidentally and is mostly asymptomatic. The author describes a case of obstruction due to lipoma. Â 46-year-old man with a two-month history of abdominal pain, and intermittent nausea, vomiting and melena for 3 weeks is reported. During colonoscopy, it was found that there was a colon mass and the pathological report showed chronic inflammation and a complete obstruction with barium was observed. Due to his constipation, severe abdominal pain and transverse, colectomy was performed. Pathological report showed submucosal lipoma. Finally, he felt well and was discharged from hospital.

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Background and purpose: Nursing is a stressful job and nurses are always susceptible to health threats in various aspects due to long shifts. Zinc is a trace element that is essential for human health. This study was performed to assess the effect of zinc supplement on general health of nurses working in intensive care units (ICU). Materials and methods: This double blind randomized clinical trial was performed in 46 ICU accessible nurses from Imam Khomeini and Fatima Zahra hospitals (Sari-2011) with general health disorder (n = 23 intervention and 23 control). In intervention group zinc sulfate 220 mg capsules were administered twice daily every 78 hours for a month while for the control group placebo were administered in the same way. General health and serum zinc level were measured pre and post-intervention. Data was obtained using demographic and standard general health questionnaires. For data analysis we applied SPSS ver. 18, chi square, t-independent, paired t-test and kolmogorov-smirnov tests. Results: In the intervention group the mean of general health score was 23.04±9.54 after a month and in the control group it was 27.96±13.82, (P=0.298). Among the four aspects of public health, significant improvement was observed only in physical symptoms in the intervention group (P=0.044). After a month the mean levels of zinc were 73.57±13.4 and 59.67±14.3 in the intervention group and in control group, respectively. The study showed significant increase in level of zinc in the intervention group (P=0.034). Conclusion: This study indicated a low level of zinc serum in nurses working in ICU. The zinc supplements showed positive effects on some aspects of general health, hence, administrating zinc supplements could be of great benefit in enhancing the general health among nurses. (Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20120625436513)

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Background and purpose: Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica are common liver flukes that are the etiological agents of fasciolosis, which affects both domestic livestock and humans worldwide. In the present study we established a rapid, easy and also accurate tool, for differentiation between F. hepatica and F. gigantica using Fast PCR. Material and methods: Thirty adults of Fasciola species were isolated from sheep and cattle liver form abattoirs in Mazandaran province. ITS1 rDNA region were amplified by Sapphire Amp® Fast PCR and compared with AccuPower® Taq PCR PreMix from Bioneer. In addition, PCR-RFLP assay using Tsp509I was performed for identification of F. hepatica and F. gigantica. Results: A fragment of approximately 463bp was amplified in all of the Fasciola samples using Sapphire Amp® Fast PCR premix in just 34 minutes, while nucleic acid amplification was completed in about 1 hour and 46 minutes by Bioneer PCR master mix. All PCR products were digested with restriction enzyme TasІ (Tsp509I). After digestion, F. hepatica revealed two fragments of 151 and 312 bp while F. gigantica produced three fragments of 93, 151, and 219 bp. Conclusion: Fast PCR reaction using Sapphire Amp® Fast PCR premix was completed three times faster than the time of conventional premix. The new Fast PCR assay using Sapphire Amp® Fast PCR premix provides a simple, rapid and accurate technique for identification and differentiation of Fasciola species in epidemiological researches on human and domestic animals in endemic regions of fasciolosis.

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Identification of materials at the nanometer scale using microscope tools or nanoscopy helps in better understanding of cell physiology. It is one of the available methods in evaluating the changes caused by physico-chemical agents. In recent years, nanoscopic tools have developed greatly in ultrastructural studies or diagnostic purposes and drug screening for human protozoan infections including plasmodium spp. and Leishmania spp. The present study aimed at evaluating the application of nanoscopic technologies in studies carried out on protozoal infections, especially Leishmania parasite. A non-systematic review of published articles (1998-2014) was performed in electronic databases as PubMed, Google scholar, Scopus, Magiran, Iranmedex, and Web of Science. The search keywords included STM, AFM, protozoan pathogens, Leishmania, and nanotechnology. Our study revealed that nanoscopic technologies and on top of them atomic force microscopy (AFM) are effective and powerful tools for structural distinction of protozoan parasites, particularly Leishmania, which could be used alongside old methods such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 

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Background and purpose: Northern Iran has a high incidence for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of esophagus, therefore, studying esophageal SCC in different regions of Iran could prepare data for evidence-based and cost effective programs. This study aimed to evaluate esophageal carcinoma in Babol, Northern Iran during 8 years.

Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in all patients underwent upper endoscopy during 2005-2013 in Babol Shahid Beheshti Hospital. Demographic, endoscopic and pathologic features were analyzed in SPSS V16 and P<0.05 was declared as significant.

Results: A total of 8963 patients underwent endoscopy of whom 148 (1.65%) were diagnosed with esophageal carcinoma, including 92 male (61.75%) and 56 female (37.8%). The patients’ mean age was 71±11.6 years (ranging from 38 to 91 years of age). Ten patients (14.8%) and 138 patients (85.2%) were diagnosed with esophageal adenocarcinoma and SCC, respectively. Locations of tumors were determined in upper (31.6%), middle (19.6%), and lower (43%) parts of esophagus.

Conclusion: Dysphagia was the most common symptom and lower part of esophagus was the most common site for carcinoma. In this study, there was no gender significance in the incidence of esophageal carcinoma and the number of male and female patients were almost similar. Also, there was no correlation between smoking and opium and esophageal carcinoma which should be investigated in further studies.

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Background and purpose: Opioid analgesics cause bradycardia and respiratory depression.  The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of diclofenac suppository on pain and dose reduction of injectable fentanyl in patients undergoing colonoscopy.
Materials and methods: In a clinical trial, 500 patients undergoing colonoscopy were randomly divided into two groups to receive either diclofenac or glycerin (placebo) administered 30 min before colonoscopy. Five minutes before colonoscopy, fentanyl (50 μg/iv) was administered, and then, if pain persisted during colonoscopy, fentanyl 50 μg was administered as a rescue. Baseline demographic and clinical data and other information, including cecal arrival time, patients’ and gastroenterologist’s satisfaction, pain intensity based on visual analogue scale (VAS), rescue dose of fentanyl, frequency of hypotension and apnea were compared between the two groups.
Results: The groups were similar in age, sex, and baseline clinical parameters (P> 0.05). Cecal arrival time was shorter in the group that received diclofenac (10.59±3.8 min) than the placebo group (12.41±2.5 min) (P= 0.035). Mean pain score was found to be lower in diclofenac group (3.2±54.2) than the placebo group (5.10±2.8) (P <0.0001). Frequency of fentanyl administration in diclofenac group (6%) was lower than that in placebo group (24.8%) (P <0.0001). Frequency of hypotension and apnea events were observed to be lower in the group that received diclofenac (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: In this study, diclofenac suppository had positive effects on reducing the pain intensity, the dose of fentanyl, and side effects, therefore, it is recommended in colonoscopy analgesia protocols.
 
(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT2016092629976N1)
 

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Background and purpose: Femoral neck fracture is associated with a high rate of side effects, especially in young people, who are usually affected by severe energy shocks. Results after injury depend on some factors, including displacement, fragility, bleeding rate, proper placement, and stable and strong fixation. The aim of this study was to compare dynamic hip screw (DHS) or multiple cannulated screws (MCS) in fractures of the femoral neck base.
Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 78 patients with femoral neck fracture were treated by internal fixation: MCS (n= 26) and DHS (n= 52) in Babol Shahid Beheshti Hospital, 2016-2018. Complications, including pain and lameness, infection, avascular necrosis (AVN), and nonunion were investigated in both groups. The visual analog scale (VAS) score and Harris Hip Score (HHS) were also compared between the two groups.
Results: Mean ages of the patients in MCS group and DHS group were 54.19 ± 23.35 and
58.50 ± 21.06 years, respectively. In patients treated by MCS, infection, AVN, no welding, and pain and lameness were seen in 3, 2, 3, and 6 patients, respectively, while these complication were observed in 1, 1, 1, and 4 patients in the DHS group, respectively. The rate of complications were not found to be significantly different between the two group (P>0.05). The mean VAS score was significantly lower in the DHS group compared to that in the MCS group (P<0.05). The HHS scores were not significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: According to this study, MCS is more appropriate in the treatment of femoral neck fractures due to less bleeding and shorter operation time.

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Background and purpose: The actual prevalence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) can only be estimated by population-based serological examinations and individuals without clinical symptoms may not be identified or reported. In this sero-epidemiological study we aimed at exploring the serum prevalence of COVID-19 in highly exposed occupational groups in western Iran.
Materials and methods: A total of 1106 people with jobs with a high potential for exposure to COVID-19 (excluding doctors) were selected in Sanandaj, Kermanshah, and Hamedan. Demographic information of all participants were recorded and venous blood samples (3 ml) were taken. IgG levels were measured to determine the serum prevalence of immunoglobulin using EUROIMMUN kit.
Results: Until 15 November 2020, IgG antibody was detected positive in 317 people (28.7%). In Sanandaj, Hamedan, and Kermanshah there were 132 (32%), 88 (26%), and 99 (27.3%) people with IgG-positive antibodies, respectively. There were no significant differences in rates of positive COVID-19 IgG antibody between the cities (P= 0.158). Among individuals with IgG antibody positive (n=317), 35.4% were asymptomatic and only 3.2% were admitted to hospital because of COVID-19.
Conclusion: High prevalence of COVID-19 antibodies in people with working activities of high potential for exposure to known or suspected sources of SARS-CoV-2 and a high number of asymptomatic individuals in this group showed that appropriate personal equipment and adhering to strict rules play a critical role in limiting the disease transmission.

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Background and purpose: Regional lymph node involvement is one of the main prognostic factors for breast cancer. Intraoperative assessment of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) by frozen section (FS) allows necessary axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) at the same time. But, false negative results are the main problems of the FS. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between non-technical factors and occurrence of false negative FS results in SLNB.
Materials and methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional research, we studied the medical records of patients who underwent breast cancer surgery and SLNB in 2017-2018 in Shiraz Shahid Faghihi Hospital. FS and permanent pathology (standard method for examining pathology specimens) reports were compared to determine the rate of false negatives results.
Results: We investigated 198 patients. The average size of breast mass was26.2 mm. Sensitivity, specificity and false negative rate were 80%, 98.4%, and 19.6%, respectively. Among the non-technical factors studied, including breast tumor diameter, type of pathology, micrometastasis, tumor grade, and lymphovascular involvement, there was a significant relationship between lymphovascular involvement and false negative results (P= 0.026).
Conclusion: The present study showed that false-negative results were significantly higher in mass with lymphovascular invasion.

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 Background and purpose: Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that is more common in women. The goal of this study was to investigate the clinical, histopathological, laboratory, and elastography findings and outcome in patients with autoimmune hepatitis and verifying the factors associated with treatment response in Sari, Iran.
Materials and methods: This research is a descriptive study in which demographic, clinical, histopathological, laboratory and elastographic information of 136 autoimmune hepatitis patients referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital and specialized gastrointestinal clinics in Sari during the years 2019-2021 was recorded in a pre-designed questionnaire.
Results: In the study of the relationship between demographic, laboratory, histopathological, elastographic, and clinical factors with response to treatment, only prothrombin time (PT) and platelet (PLT) count had a significant relationship with response to treatment (p < 0.05). In fact, thrombocytopenia and high PT led to poor treatment response and high PT was associated with a higher probability of recurrence. There was also a significant relationship between cirrhosis and non-cirrhosis at the time of diagnosis with response to treatment (p < 0.05). People with cirrhosis experienced less response to treatment. None of the factors mentioned were related to the new cirrhosis (p < 0.05). In the study of the relationship between the results of the initial and subsequent liver fibroscan during the follow-up, the reduction of fibrosis following treatment was clearly seen.
Conclusion: Liver elastography is recommended for fibrosis evaluation during treatment and follow-up.
 

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Background and purpose: Colonoscopy is a standard method for the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal diseases. The aim of the present study was to compare the analgesic effect of oral oxycodone and intravenous fentanyl in patients undergoing colonoscopy.
Materials and methods: This study was conducted as a randomized clinical trial in 80 patients aged 20 to 69 years who were candidates for colonoscopy in two equal groups. Patients in the first group received oral oxycodone and intravenous normal saline, while the second group received oral placebo and 50 micrograms of intravenous fentanyl. 0.5 mg/kg propofol was administered intravenously to both groups. If pain occured, 10 mg propofol was injected. Data on age, gender, vital signs, satisfaction of the endoscopist and pain intensity of the patients were recorded using a numerical rating scale. The data were analyzed using the chi -square test and t-test and SPSS software, with a P˂0.05 value considered significant.
Results: The two groups were similar in terms of age (P=0.64) and gender (P=0.055).The mean pain score in the oxycodone group was 3.22±1.78 and in the fentanyl group 2.00±1.43 (P= 0.001). The need for a propofol rescue dose during colonoscopy was higher in the oxycodone group than in the fentanyl group (P= 0.56). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of heart rate, respiratory rateand colonoscopist satisfaction (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Considering that oral oxycodone has a good analgesic effect compared to intravenous fentanyl, this drug can be used as an analgesic for patients undergoing colonoscopy.

(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20181216041991N1)
 

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects over 1/3 of the Iranian adult population. NAFLD is predicted to soon become an epidemic with widespread social and economic consequences due to the increasing prevalence of its risk factors. So far, NAFLD has received less attention from the public health system. It is necessary to adopt and develop effective national policies and guidelines based on evidence related to the prevention, diagnosis, care, and treatment of NAFLD. The researchers of the Gut and Liver Research Center, affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, with the aim of helping to solve this challenge, have presented the current policy brief using the research evidence available in databases and the review of the national higher-order documents. First of all, it is suggested that the government should legally and financially support NAFLD as a serious social health issue. Subsequently, the Ministry of Health should provide relevant standards and executive guidelines according to the existing conditions in Iran's healthcare system, under the legal and financial support of the government. In this policy summary, some of the implenetable and high-priority measures included designing national service standards by specialized liver working groups; providing funds for the development of human, physical, and study resources; developing people-oriented health/educational systems, and providing care and treatment services through multi-specialty clinics

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Background and purpose: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disorder worldwide. Fatty liver is more common in patients with metabolic syndrome, obese people, and type 2 diabetic individuals. Liver FibroScan is a non-invasive method to evaluate the stiffness and fibrosis of the liver. This study aimed to investigate the findings of FibroScan; the level of liver enzymes, triglycerides, and cholesterol; and demographic characteristics of patients with fatty liver.

Materials and methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 300 patients referred to the Gastroenterology and Liver Specialist Clinic in Sari City over a year (2017-18). The patients who were diagnosed with fatty liver according to ultrasound results were included after ruling out Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis, viral hepatitis, and autoimmune diseases. Demographic findings and laboratory profiles were recorded from the patients' files. The severity of liver steatosis and fibrosis was determined from FibroScan results. Data were analyzed in SPSS16 software. Mean and standard deviation were used to express the distribution of quantitative variables of the studied groups, and frequency and percentage were utilized to describe qualitative data. To compare quantitative data, an independent t-test was conducted, while qualitative variables were compared using the Chi-Square test.

Results: The mean age of patients was obtained at 48.10±13.01 years (range: 18 to 83) and their mean body mass index (BMI) was 30.88±5.47. Gender and smoking were not related to the severity of liver steatosis and fibrosis. Steatosis grade of S3 and fibrosis stage of F1 were found in 58.33% and 62% of patients, respectively. BMI and triglyceride levels had a significant relationship with the severity of liver steatosis (P<0.01). Moreover, liver fibrosis development showed a significant relationship with increasing age, BMI, AST, ALT, ALP, and Chol (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The majority of the studied patients were diagnosed with a steatosis grade of S3 and a fibrosis stage of F1. Triglyceride level had a significant relationship with the severity of hepatic steatosis. BMI was related to the severity of steatosis and liver fibrosis; therefore, weight loss and triglyceride control are recommended to reduce steatosis and liver fibrosis, and periodic liver FibroScan is suggested to monitor the changes in liver fibrosis.
 

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Background and purpose: Viral hepatitis accounts for about 1.4 million deaths in the world every year. Surveillance systems and effective interventions play important roles in the management of these diseases. This study aimed to review the programs and measures done in Iran to eliminate viral hepatitis B and C.
Materials and methods: Using qualitative content analysis, the programs for hepatitis B and C care system in Iran were reviewed. Fifteen semi-structured expert interviews were conducted, and 31 documents were reviewed. The activities, plans and programs associated with the viral hepatitis surveillance system were extracted based on the interview results and the documents.
Results: The activities of the hepatitis surveillance system in Iran were categorized into six categories, including the viral hepatitis surveillance system goals, target groups, current structure of hepatitis B and C surveillance system, upstream policies and documents, current programs, and infrastructures. The most prominent interventions were the following: hepatitis B vaccination in target groups, screening, hepatitis surveys, needle and syringe distribution, safe injection, safe blood transfusion, and hepatitis treatments.
Conclusion: This study showed that the main weakness of the hepatitis surveillance system is detecting active disease cases, which can be improved by integrating the hepatitis program into the network system and active participation of private and public sectors as well as non-governmental organizations. Vaccination campaigns and treatment of hepatitis B and C can also help in eliminating hepatitis C and controlling hepatitis B by 2030.
 

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Background and purpose: Public vaccination was highly recommended during the COVID-19 pandemic. The lack of evidence-based data made inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients hesitant to receive the vaccine. In this study, clinical and laboratory outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination were investigated in patients with IBD.
Materials and methods: This retrospective study was conducted on patients with IBD who referred to gastroenterology clinics across Sari during 2021-2022. Patients' information including demographic data and laboratory parameters were recorderd. Clinical outcomes of IBD based on the partial Mayo score in ulcerative colitis and the Harvey-Bradshaw index in Crohn's were compared before vaccination and within three months after receiving the second vaccine.
Results: A total of 111 patients with IBD, including 100 ulcerative colitis patients and 11 Crohn's patients met the inclusion criteria for the study. The two groups were matched for distribution of age, gender, and disease extent. In addition, there was no significant difference between the groups in COVID-19 infection frequency, COVID-19 severity, type of vaccines received, and vaccine injection frequency. No significant differences were observed in clinical outcomes and laboratory parameters between the patients before being vaccinated and after receiving the second dose of vaccine. There were no changes in the type of IBD drugs within three months after getting the second vaccine, except for steroid prescription increase in ulcerative colitis patients (4% vs. 10%, P<0.01). Moreover, a statistically significant correlation was found between steroid necessity and partial Mayo score (r=0.658, P<0.001).
Conclusion: Receiving at least two doses of COVID-19 vaccines did not change the clinical outcomes and laboratory parameters of IBD patients. The results of this study are promising and can reduce possible concerns in IBD patients regarding the use of vaccines against COVID-19.

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Mahboobe Ebrahimi¹,
 Hafez tirgar Fakheri²,
Tarang Taghvaei³,
Iradj Maleki²,
Vahid Hosseini³,
 Arash Kazemi Veisari¹,
Zohre Bari¹,
Hajar Shokri-Afra⁴,
Sepehr tirgar Fakheri<sup>5

1</sup> Assistant Professor, Gut and Liver Research Center, Non-communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
² Professor, Gut and Liver Research Center, Non-communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
³ Associate Professor, Gut and Liver Research Center, Non-communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
⁴ PhD in Clinical Biochemistry, Gut and Liver Research Center, Non-communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
⁵ General Physician, Gut and Liver Research Center, Non-communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran





In the article published in volume 32, issue 209, 2022, the affiliation of Iradj Maleki was published incorrectly, which is now corrected.