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Background and Purpose: Conventionally, the architecture of the artery wall is based upon the close-packed smooth muscle cells, endothelial and adventitial cells in both sides of internal elastic lamina (IEL). However, the adventitia and endothelium are now viewed as key players in vascular growth and repair. Recent work raises fundamental questions about the cellular heterogeneity of arteries, time course, triggering of normal and pathological re-modeling.
Materials and Methods: Twelve wild type mice were employed. After killing with CO2 inhalation, dissected mesenteric arteries were removed and cleaned with adipose tissue. Arteries were mounted in the perfusion pressure myograph under normal pressure (70mmHg) in Kreb’s solution, which bubbled with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 to pH 7.4, at 37°C. After staining with fluorescent ligands (Syto 13) for nuclei and (DIO 1µM) for cytoplasm, arteries were scanned with the Laser Scanning Co focal Microscopy (LSCM) under (488nm/515nm), (484nm/501nm) and (543nm/580nm) Argon-Helium ion laser wavelength.
Results: Three dimensional images of computer observation suggest that there may be a close relationship between the helical organization of smooth muscle cells and the underlying pattern of endothelial cells (myoendothelial connection).
Conclusion: Tight junctions between cells must be broken and remade during the remodeling process. This suggests a carefully controlled defensive structure for intra-cellular connections, that is capable of withstanding the acute stresses of normal function, but which must be capable of modification to adapt to a new state, when the bio-physical conditions dictate. Endothelial mosaicism related to spiral arrangements of underlying smooth muscle cells, are associated with the functional cell connections. Taken together, these issues provide an exciting new phase in understanding the physiological modeling of the vascular wall, producing a new view of the dynamic nature of vascular structure.

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Background and purpose: Patient motion during myocardial perfusion SPECT can produce artifacts in reconstructed images which might affect clinical diagnosis. This paper attempts to present a new approach for the detection and correction of cardiac motion utilizing the data obtained during the imaging process. Materials and methods: Our method quantifies motion through polynomial curves modeling onto the 1D vectors corresponding to image frames obtained in summed profiles. To evaluate our method, physical sources and NCAT phantom were intentionally moved 1, 2 and 3 pixels at early, mid and late stages of data acquisition. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) values, the maximum count in the reconstructed image of physical sources, and maximum count in the myocardial wall in 360o view from cardiac perspective were compared with motion-free condition before and after motion correction. Results: Depending on the amount of motion and time of motion occurrence, the FWHM of point source changed from 5.56% to 37.49% compared to the motion-free condition while the relative change of FWHM for these sources changed from 0.8% to 1.84% after correction. The observed changes for maximum count in reconstructed images of point sources were from 1.91% - 21.33% which decreased to 0.13%-0.76% after motion correction. The corresponding changes for extended sources were 1.09%- 21.76% which reduced to 0.06%-0.45% after applying motion correction. In addition, the results showed that the distribution of radioactivity in the cardiac wall for the corrected image are very similar to the real values while the same values in the reconstructed image significantly differed from the original in which motion occurred during imaging. Conclusion: Our method detected and corrected cardiac motion during SPECT imaging through curve fitting of a polynomial onto the 1D vector values corresponding to image frames. Therefore, image misinterpretation can be avoided by correcting motion artifacts.

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Background and purpose: Female nurses are exposed to many problems due to their working situation. This will make them vulnerable to stress, burnout, and emotional exhaustion. In this study we structurally analyzed burnout among nurses while considering acceptance, commitment, and emotion regulation. Material and Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted in May 2013 and included 180 nurses working in a hospital located in city of Isfahan. A total of 119 cases was randomly selected using Morgan table. Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) were used to collect the data. Data was then analyzed using SPSS and Lisrel program. Results: The results indicated a significant correlation between burnout, emotion regulation, and acceptance and commitment. Structural equation modeling showed direct relationships between burnout and ACT and emotion regulation and ACT. We also found ACT with a mediation effect in the relationship between burnout and emotion regulation. Conclusion: This study showed emotion regulation and ACT as the main indicators for burnout.

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Abstract Background and purpose: Aims: Weather is one of the essential needs of human. Due to increasing of the air pollution, air pollution is one of the most important challenges of human life, in the last decades. Air pollutants, including NO2 can have significant adverse health effects on the human. Therefore, evaluation of the health effects of this pollutant is necessary for its control. The aim of this study was evaluation of health effects of NO2 on the human in Mashhad, Tabriz, Shiraz, Isfahan and Arak metropolises of Iran in 2011-2012. Materials and methods: The necessary data was obtained from Environmental Protection Agencies of related metropolises. The validity of data was evaluated according to the WHO criteria. The valid data entered into the AirQ software and the results were obtained. Results: Isfahan with the annual concentration of 128 µg/m3 has the highest concentration of NO2. In all cities, the average concentration was higher than the national standard. For total mortality, cardiovascular death and hospitalization for chronic obstructive pulmonary, Mashhad had the greatest number, with 286, 161 and 43 cases, respectively. Conclusion: the most adverse health effect of NO2 was in Mashhad and Isfahan cities, respectively. It can be explained by increasing the number of vehicles, traffic and fuel consumption and high levels of temporary and permanent population in the religious and tourist sites.

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Background and purpose: Investigating and forecasting the different methods of labor can improve the knowledge about health problems in the future and the ability to develop effective interventions and prepare relevant resources. This study aimed at determining the trend and forecasting for cesarean section (c-section) and natural child birth in Mazandaran province, Iran.

Materials and methods: A longitudinal study was performed using all registered data regarding labors in governmental and private maternities in Mazandaran province. The number of childbirth from 2007 to 2014 were entered into SPSS 16 software. The best model was selected based on autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation diagrams in Ljung-Box significance level as well as the least AIC.

Results: The corresponding figures for 2007 to 2021 for cesarean and natural child birth were 19245, 15770 and 14382, 16385, respectively. The growth rate in private sectors was 17.7% (from 2007-2008). These rates were also observed to be 5.8% and 12.3% in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The results of forecasting revealed delivery growth in private sectors until 2021.

Conclusion: The c-section rate would decrease to 35% in 2021 if the healthcare reform interventions continue. This rate is still much more than the optimal c-section rate recommended by World Health Organization

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Background and purpose: Protein binding (PB) is an important pharmacokinetic parameter in drug discovery and development. In past years Abraham parameters were used to predict some physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. But in these cases, the ionization of drugs in blood pH (7.4) was ignored. Recently, Abraham parameters of chemical compounds in ionized form are proposed. Also, Henderson Hasselbalch equation could be used to calculate the percent ionization of drugs. In this study, Abraham parameters were calculated according to the ionized fraction of drug and PB was predicted using these parameters.
Materials and methods: PB data points of 159 drugs were collected from the literature. Abraham parameters of drugs were calculated according to the percentage of ionization in blood pH=7.4. The models were built up based on the multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis and percentage error of each model was computed.
Results: Findings showed a linear relation between PB and Abraham parameters based on the ionized fraction in blood pH, so, the developed model could predict the PB better than the model established by Abraham parameters in :union:ized form.
Conclusion: Ionization of drugs in blood pH is an essential parameter in predicting PB, and Abraham parameters for ionized form of drug can be used to predict it with a good accuracy.

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Background and purpose: Hypoxemia and hypotension are important complications of hemodialysis in patients with chronic renal failure that are linked to several factors, including the type of filters used. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of simple filtration hemodialysis and ultrafiltration hemodialysis on blood pressure and blood arterial oxygen level.
Materials and methods: In this clinical trial, we studied 68 patients who underwent dialysis in Semnan Kosar Hospital in November and December 2019. Clinical information, including heart rate, blood pressure, and arterial oxygen saturation, and pulse oximeter reading for oxygen saturation level were recorded before and after every dialysis. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. One group received simple filtration hemodialysis in first month followed by ultrafiltration dialysis in next month, while other patients had ultrafiltration dialysis in first month followed by simple filtration hemodialysis in next month. Data analysis was carried out in SPSS V23.
Results: In ultrafiltration hemodialysis, arterial oxygen saturation at sessions two (P=0.037), five (P=0.002), and 11 (P>0.001) were found with significantly smaller changes compared with the first session. Also, in this type of filtration, changes in systolic blood pressure at sessions 12 (P=0.003) and 13 (P=0.034) were significantly smaller than the first session compared with the simple filtration dialysis.
Conclusion: Compared with simple filtration hemodialysis, ultrafiltration hemodialysis provides more oxygen stability and less hypotension and can minimize the side effects of dialysis.