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Background and purpose : The methodological aspects, as well as the quantity of papers published in a scientific journal are important factors regarding its periodic evaluation. The study was conducted by Mazandaran Thalassemia Research Çenter, Sari Ïran.
Materials and methods : This descriptive study was conducted on all issues published to the date. Â questionnaire consisted of 48 items was prepared according to authors instruction of the journal and educational workshops and the reference booklet. Validity of the questionnaire was achieved through expert consultations and reliability by test –re test method. Four hundred and seven papers were evaluated in 2 groups. The 1st group (n=43) consisted papers published in volumes 1-12, from 1992-1995. The second group n=364 was divided in two subgroups, each consisted of 182 articles, according to dates of publications.Descriptive statistics was used to show the data.
Results : Papers in the 1st group were mainly case reports, translations and nonsystematic reviews. Ôriginal researches were exceptional. Ïn second group, however, descriptive, clinical trials and experimental designs were mainly. Üsed by researchers. The time gap between the research and issue date in 3 periods were 1±1.6, 1.34±1.5 and 1.22±1.3 years respectively. The number of references of each article was significantly more in the recent period (P<0.000) but the number of Farsi references was the same in 3 periods. The number of articles in each issue was 5.8±3.2, 9.8±2.9 and 14.5±3.6 respectively. The first author affiliation during the years was from Mazandaran university of medical sciences.
Çonclusion: Quantity and quality of papers of the journal were growing during the years of activity.

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Background and purpose: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common cause of vertigo. Its pathophysiology is described by canalolithiasis theory. A safe and simple treatment has been proposed in recent years (canalith repositioning maneuver). This study has been performed to compare the effectiveness of physical maneuver and medical therapy in the treatment of BPPV.
Materials and Methods: The study was a clinical trial. Patients with BPPV (Being diagnosed based on positive Dix – Hallpike test and history) were randomized into 2 groups on first visit. They were matched for sex, age and cause of BPPV. 23 patients received Epley maneuver and 22 patients received Betahistine. Patients were evaluated at first week and first month after the beginning of the treatment.
Results: After one week, 58.3 % of patients in drug group and 94.1 % of patients in maneuver group had negative Hallpike test. After 1 week, all patients were asked about the resolution of symptoms. After 1 week, 39.77% of patients in drug group and 81.52 % of patients in maneuver group improved. This difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (2 = -4/338 p< 0/001). After 1 month, 56. 83 % of patients in drug group and 86.98 % of patients in maneuver group improved (z =- 3/ 305 p<0/01). The difference of subjective improvement was statistically significant between 1 week and 1 month follow up in drug group (z = -2/85 p<0.01), this difference however was not statistically significant in maneuver group (z= -1.5 NS).
Conclusion: In short term the Epley maneuver is much more effective than medical therapy to control symptoms of BPPV and is the best treatment for this disease.

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Background and purpose: Finding an efficient vaccine against HÏV infection is still a major concern and a great challenge. Ïn our previous study, HÏV-1 virions with capability of a single replication were produced. Ïn the present study their immunological evaluation has been carried out to study their induction of cellular and humoral responses in mice model.
Materials and methods: Ïn this study, first and second virion generations were produced in human HËK293T cells, and were injected to three different mice groups in three doses with or without adjuvants. Âfter the last injection, immune responses were evaluated in serum and spleen cells of mice using ËLÏSÂ.
Results: Âlthough all animals vaccinated with different immunogen regimens did develop cellular responses, in the main group injected with novel adjuvants, the highest levels of specific antibody, ÏFN-γ, ÏL-4 an also most ÏFN-γ excreting cells were evident, which is suggestive of a strong cellular response in these cells.
Çonclusion: Ân effective vaccine against HÏV requires induction of strong humoral and cellular responses. Hence, these results demonstrate the high immune system stimulating capabilities of virion injection regime accompanied by M720 and ÇpG adjuvants, which provides the potential for an efficient HÏV vaccine.

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Background and purpose:As the usage of chromium in chemical industries, electroplating, leather tanning and paint processes will increase, so the chromium pollution in water has become a considerable problem. Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) has been reported toxic to aquatic organisms, animals and humans. It has been known to be carcinogenic. Thus, it should be removed from wastewater before discharge to the environment directly. Photocatalyst process is one of advanced technologies in removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from water and wastewater.The aim of this study was the use of photocatalytic removal of (Cr (VI) using ZnO nanoparticles as catalyst in a batch reactor Material and Methods:In this experimental study, at first commerical ZnO nanoparticle was prepared. A point of zero charge, pHpzc, of nanoparticle was obtained using batch equilibration method. In this study, different experimental conditions such as initial Cr (VI) ion concentration (10 to 50 mg•L-1), pH (3 to 9) and nanoparticle loading (0.1 to 1gr) at various contact time (0 to 120min) and one UV irradiation intencityhave been evaluated. In addition, kinetic models involve in the photocatalic removal of Cr (VI) were investigated. Chromium (VI) concentration was determined colorimetrically at 540nm using the 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) method with detection limit of 5mgL-1 using the UV–vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). Results: The pHZPC for ZnO was 7.51. The obtained results showed that the removal efficiency of Cr (VI) increased with an increasing ZnO nanoparticles loading. The Cr (VI) removal percentage decreased as the initial Cr (VI) concentration increased. The maximum removal of Cr (VI) was obtained at acidic pH (86.65% for pH=3 vs. 42.55% for pH=9). Kinetic analysis of the photoreduction showed the removal of Cr (VI) is according to the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) model (R2=0.995) and the adsorption of Cr (VI) on the ZnO nanoparticle surfaces may be the controlling step in the entire reduction process. Conclusion: This study results showed UV/ZnO was an effective method in the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutionsand maybe UV/ZnO process applied in Cr (VI) removal in low concentration and acidic pH, effectively.

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The relationship between nanotechnology and immunology can be evaluated from different aspects. The application of nanotechnology and immunology is widespread and has important features in medical biotechnology. Delivery of active immunological compounds to the target sites using nano-carriers is one of the issues related to nanotechnology and immunology. Moreover, successful application of nanotechnology in the field of immunology resulted in development of new generations of vaccines, adjuvants and immunomodulatory drugs that aim to improve response to infectious and non-infectious diseases. Nanotechnology plays a key role in the formation of new vaccines and immunosuppressive agents. On the other hand, the manipulation and control of objects at the nano scale level can promote our conception of immune responses. In current review we discuss the effect of size, charge, shape, hydrophobic and porosity properties of a compound on the immune response and investigate the role of nanotech‌nology in engineering of each of these features. It is expected that in future the collaboration between nanotech‌nology and immunology could lead to new strategies in prevention and treatment of human diseases.

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Abstract Background and purpose: Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins are the most potent toxins that cause the life-threatening botulism syndrome in humans and animals. Researches have shown that the binding domain of the botulinum neurotoxin type E has a high immunogenicity effect that could be used as an efficient recombinant vaccine. The recombinant vaccines are not potent enough to stimulate the immune responses, therefore, the use of biocompatible and safe adjuvants is inevitable. In recent years, there have been many studies on the adjuvanticity effect of nanoparticles and their role as delivery vehicles of recombinant vaccines. This study investigated the vaccine delivery effect of chitosan nanoparticles for administration of a recombinant candidate vaccine against Clostridium botulinum type E. Materials and methods: The expression and purification of botulinum neurotoxin type E was done in E. coli BL21 (DE3). Chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized by ionic gelation method. The protein containing nanoparticles were administered to mice subcutaneously. At the same time, a control group received the candidate vaccine in combination with the Freund adjuvant. Finally, the IgG titers of immunized mice were assayed by ELISA. Results: The recombinant protein was successfully expressed and purified and was subsequently confirmed by western blot analysis. The loading capacity of the recombinant antigen into nanocapsules was calculated as 90%. ELISA results showed an increase in the IgG titer after each administration. Conclusion: The present study shows that the chitosan nanoparticles containing a recombinant vaccine could efficiently stimulate the humoral immune responses.

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Background and purpose: Textile dye effluents have some potential risks which require effective treatment before discharging into the environment. Advanced oxidation processes can remove pollutants faster than other processes due to active hydroxyl radical production; therefore, increase the efficiency of dye removal. This study was aimed at investigating dye removal process using UVA/ZnO and UVA/TiO₂ nanocatalysts.

Materials and methods: This study was done in a batch reactor on synthetic and real samples and the effects of initial dye concentrations, TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles dosage, time, pH  and interference compounds on efficiency of dye removal was investigated. The Daphnia Magna was used for bioassay test.

Results: The removal rates of dye in optimum conditions were 69% and 95.5% by UVA/ZnO and UVA/TiO₂ processes, respectively and the optimum pH in the process was 9 and 2, respectively. In this study, the initial concentration of dye and COD were found to have adverse relation with removal rate of dye in two processes (p<0.05, r²_ZnO= 0.99, r²_TiO2= 0.94). With increasing the catalyst and exposure time at both processes the dye removal rate increased. In this study, LC50 96 h decreased from 96.7 to 44.7 mg/l.

Conclusion: The current study showed that TiO₂/UVA process with effective optimization of operational factors, has high performance in R.B 86 dye decolorization and reducing toxicity.

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Background and purpose: Chlorophenol compounds are refractory and toxic contaminants that enter the environment as a result of industrial activities. They can contaminate water sources through leaking into the groundwater or being washed out from polluted soil. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the rate of 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) degradation using the UV/NaPS process.

Materials and methods: In this investigation, the photochemical oxidation process was conducted in a batch type laboratory-scale photoreactor (1.5 L) equipped with a 50000  power. This study also investigated the effects of independent variables including sodium persulfate concentration (8.4-84 mmol/L), pH (3-10), 4-CP concentration (0.5.5 mmol/L), and reaction time (2-30 min) on the removal efficiency of 4-CP. The effluent concentration of 4-CP was measured by the UV-visible spectrophotometer at 280 nm wavelength. In addition, kinetic model was investigated.

Results: The optimum removal efficiency of 4-C by UV/NaPS process was 89.3% with sodium persulfate concentration of 8.4 mmol/L, pH of 5, initial 4-CP concentration of 1.5 mmol/L, and reaction time of 30 min. Moreover, 60.4% of the total organic carbon (TOC) was removed under similar condition. In addition, the data was found to follow the first-order kinetics.

Conclusion: Considering the growing use of UV radiation in water treatment processes and the considerable efficiency of UV/NaPS process in removing 4-CP, this method can be proposed for the elimination of 4-CP after performing cost-benefit analyses.

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Background and purpose: Dyes are one of the major sources of chemicals responsible for environmental pollution. Synthetic dyes degradation in industrial wastewaters has received increasing attention due to their high solubility and stability in water. In the present study, the photocatalytic efficiency of as-synthesized nano- TiO₂ supported on the H-form Fe- Fe-ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated for degradation of reactive red 198 dye in water under UV light.

Materials and methods: Effects of dye concentration and pH of the water solution were studied in batch techniques to determine the optimum values of operating conditions. The elemental composition of synthesized photocatalyst was determined by EDX (Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). The specific surface area and pore volume of Fe-ZSM-5@ TiO₂ were determined by BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) technique.

Results: The SEM (scanning electron microscopy) images revealed that nano-TiO2 particles are well distributed on the surface of Fe-ZSM-5 zeolite. The FT-IR analysis (Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation) approved the formation of the Fe-ZSM-5 and anatase phase of TiO₂ coating onto the surface of Fe-ZSM-5. From UV-Vis analysis (Ultra violet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy), the band gap energy of synthesized photocatalyst was calculated to be about 2.74 eV. The optimum values of pH and dye concentration for high efficient removal of reactive red 198 dye using as-synthesized Fe-ZSM-5@ TiO₂ photocatalyst were found to be 4 and 100 mg/L, respectively. Maximum dye removal of 98% was achieved at optimum condition at UV exposure time of 105 min. The reusability of the photocatalyst was still significant after five times repeated cycles.

Conclusion: The resulting Fe-ZSM-5@ TiO₂ is believed to be suitable for potential applications in advanced oxidation processes and could be a good candidate for treatment of industrial real textile dye effluent.

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Background and purpose: Industries are one of the main sources of producing wastewater accounting for 20% of water pollution. Treatment of dye wastewaters is one of the major challenges in textile industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of advanced oxidation processes, Fenton-Peracetic acid and Photo-Fenton-Peracetic acid for removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions.
Materials and methods: We conducted an experimental study in which the effects of operating parameters such as pH (3-9), contact time (2-30 min), Peracetic acid concentration (5-50 mg/L), ferric chloride concentration (5-200 mg/L), and methylene blue concentration (5-100 mg/L) were investigated on the removal efficiency of MB dye in the presence and absence of ultraviolet radiation. The experiment was conducted in a batch reactor and the efficiency of method to remove color was measured using a spectrophotometer.
Results: In current study the highest removal efficiency (99%) was attained by Fenton-Peracetic acid process under the optimized conditions as follows: pH 3, Peracetic acid concentration 30 mg/L, ferric chloride concentration 60 mg/L, methylene blue concentration 10 mg/L, and contact time of 30 min, but, the same amount of color was removed in shorter time (20 min) by Photo-Fenton-Peracetic acid process.
Conclusion: High removal efficiency of the Photo-Fenton-Peracetic acid process in a relatively short time, which is because of hydroxyl radical production, show that this process can effectively be applied to remove MB dye and can be considered as a suitable alternative to conventional systems for treatment of wastewaters containing similar organic matters.
 

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Background and purpose: Antibiotics are extensively used in treatment of diseases. Metronidazole is an antimicrobial agent and is a nitroimidazole derivative, which is widely used in treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacteria and protozoa. This compound is irrefrangible, toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and has high solubility in water. Advanced oxidation process is an effective method for removal of metronidazole from aqueous solutions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of advanced oxidation process based on persulfate (UV / Na₂S₂O₈) to remove metronidazole from aqueous solutions.
Materials and methods: In this research, the effect of some variables such as pH, persulfate concentration and contact time was studied by a UV-C lamp (16 watts). Also, the remaining concentration of metronidazole was measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer Cecil model CE7400.
Results: The optimum conditions in this study were obtained at pH=9، persulfate concentration of 0.7 mmol/l, and contact time of 30 min. The removal of metronidazole by advanced oxidation process based on persulfate (UV / Na₂S₂O₈) followed the first-order kinetic model.
Conclusion: Persulfate-based advanced oxidation process (UV/Na₂S₂O₈) is an effective method for removal of metronidazole from aqueous solution. It is recommended as an effective and efficient process that could be used for purification of aqueous solutions.
 
 

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Background and purpose: Pharmaceutical products, particularly antibiotics are emerging contaminants that cause major environmental challenges due to cumulative effects, different adverse effects, and leading to drug resistance. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the efficiency of advanced oxidation process by persulfate activated by UV in removal of ofloxacin from aqueous solutions.
Materials and methods: In order to investigate the removal efficiency of ofloxacin, major operating parameters including initial pH of solution (2-12), the concentration of persulfate (50-3500 mg/l), concentrations of ofloxacin (2-100 mg/l), reaction time (6-30 min), and UV radiation (8,15,30 Watt) were studied.
Results: Maximum removal efficiency of ofloxacin and COD in optimal conditions (pH =6, persulfate concentration = 350 mg/l, ofloxacin concentration = 40 mg/l, reaction time =20 min and UV radiation = 8 watt) were 94.35% and 79.17%, respectively. Advanced oxidation with activated persulfate by UV, deceased the concentrations of ofloxacin and COD to 2.26 and 37.21 mg/l, respectively.
Conclusion: The results showed that using UV activated persulfate is an efficient method in removal of ofloxacin from aqueous solutions.
 

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Background and purpose: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) as a causative agent of toxoplasmosis, is an obligate intracellular parasite which is excreted by the cat's feces. Efforts have been made for the development of toxoplasmosis vaccine, but none led to developing a vaccine with protective immune response to the parasite. Adjuvants are essential for vaccine formulation to create strong immune responses. As an adjuvant, nanomaterials such as nano-alum, can stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses. The present report aimed to investigate the protective effects of the alum-based nano-adjuvant formulated in killed T. gondii.
Materials and methods: In this experimental study, the vaccine candidates were separately formulated in alum, complete Freund, and nano-alum adjuvants. The BALB/c mice were immunized three times with two-week intervals. To investigate the type of induced immune response, sera were analyzed by ELISA for total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a isotypes and also IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 cytokines. To evaluate lymphocyte proliferation, BrdU method was performed.
Results: Immunization of mice with killed Toxoplasma vaccine formulated with nano-alum adjuvant increased lymphocyte proliferation, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-2, and IFN-γ cytokine responses, total antibodies, as well as IgG1 and IgG2a subtypes compared with those of other experimental groups.
Conclusion: Compared with alum-based killed Toxoplasma vaccine, the nano-alum adjuvant could strongly induce cellular and humoral immune responses.
 

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Background and purpose: Acetaminophen is a common analgesic and antipyretic medication that cause poisoning and damage liver and kidney in case of overdose. In this study, we investigated the effects of alcoholic extract of Eryngium caucasicum Trautv. against acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress in plasma and kidney tissue in BALB/C mice.
Materials and methods: The animals were randomly divided into 8 groups: control (saline), acetaminophen (400 mg/kg body weight) and different doses of extract (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight)+ acetaminophen, and the extract at 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight without acetaminophen administered by gavage for a week. Twenty four hours after last treatment, plasma levels of urea, creatinine, plasma antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, and tissue glutathione were measured. The effects of extract in experimental groups and the control group were compared using SPSS software.
Results: Alcoholic extract of Eryngium caucasicum Trautv. in acetaminophen-treated mice significantly decreased plasma urea, creatinine and lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels in kidney tissue and increased antioxidant capacity of plasma and tissue glutathione (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The study showed protective effects of the alcoholic extract of Eryngium caucasicum Trautv. against acetaminophen-induced renal toxicity which could be associated with antioxidant properties and scavenging of free radicals of the extract.
 

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Background and purpose: Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease with skin and joint manifestations. This disease can be associated with ocular complications and reduce vision and quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and type of ocular involvement in patients with psoriasis to prevent unwanted complications by identifying the disease at the right time.
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 40 patients with psoriasis in Semnan Kowsar Clinic affiliated to Semnan University of Medical Sciences, 2019. The participants were selected via census sampling and underwent systemic and ophthalmic examination. Patients aging 10-80 years old with at least 6 months of disease onset were included.
Results: The mean age of patients was 43.33 ± 17.05 years, and there were 17 (42.5%) males and 23 (57.5%) females. The ocular diseases included dry eye (57.5%), posterior blepharitis (50%), conjunctival hyperemia (27.5%), cataract (20%), and anterior uveitis (7.5%). The presence of ocular disease was found to be significantly associated with the duration of psoriasis (P = 0.03).
Conclusion: In this study, ocular surface diseases such as dry eye and posterior blepharitis were common in patients studied and were associated with the duration of psoriasis. Therefore, patients with psoriasis should undergo periodic and regular eye examinations to identify ocular diseases in a timely manner and prevent unwanted complications.

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 Background and purpose: Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with the accumulation of amyloid plaques in neurons. Increase in blood cholesterol leads to an increase in the deposition of these proteins in neurons and results in memory degradation. In the present study, the effect of rosuvastatin as a cholesterol-lowering drug was investigated in Alzheimer's rats.
Materials and methods: Animals were divided into four groups: control, streptozotocin (to induce Alzheimer's), rosuvastatin, and rosuvastatin with streptozotocin. In intracerebroventricular injection, the groups received saline (1 μg/rat) or streptozotocin (3 mg/kg). Daily gavage of saline (1 mg/kg) or rosuvastatin (10, 20 mg/kg) started one day before cannulation and continued for two weeks. At the end of the treatment period, the rats' memory, number of healthy neurons in CA1 area, and serum oxidative stress indices were measured.
Results: Intraventricular injection of streptozotocin significantly decreased memory recall, the number of intact neurons in CA1 area, total antioxidant power, and superoxide dismutase enzyme level; and increased serum malondialdehyde levels compared to the control group (P<0.001). In the group receiving rosuvastatin (20 mg/kg), the above indexes were significantly reversed compared to the streptozotocin group (P<0.001), which means improved memory. In rosuvastatin groups (10 and 20 mg/kg) alone, there was no significant difference in the above indexes compared to the control group (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Streptozotocin leads to cell death in the CA1 region and memory dysfunction through various mechanisms such as increasing oxidative stress. It seems that rosuvastatin is able to prevent the destructive effects of streptozotocin on memory and learning by inhibiting oxidative stress indicators.
 

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Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized mainly by recurrent oral ulcers, ocular involvement, genital ulcers, and skin lesions, presenting with remissions and exacerbations. Arthritis, gastrointestinal lesions, vasculitis, epididymitis, and central nervous system lesions are also frequently observed disease manifestations in BD patients. This disease is more common in the Asian, Mediterranean, and China regions. The age of onset of the disease is 20 to 40 years. Eye involvement in uveitis is one of the main factors of disability caused by this disease and one of its important complications thatted to blindness. Ocular symptoms of Behcet's disease occur in 40-80% of the etiology of this disease. Ocular Behcet's manifests as uveitis (inflammation of the eye). Uveitis is a prevalent disease that mainly affects young people. It leads to a significant number of visual losses. Uveitis is a common, sight-threatening inflammatory ocular disease and includes multiple heterogeneous clinical entities. The prevalence of various types of uveitis depends upon multiple factors, such as age, sex, race, geographic distribution, environmental influence, genetics, and social habits. Epidemiologic research on uveitis is necessary to understand the etiology and immunopathogenesis of this group of diseases. The prevalence of different types of uveitis depends on several factors such as age, sex, race, geographical distribution, environmental factors, genetics, anatomical location of the inflammatory process (anterior, intermediate, posterior uveitis, pan uveitis), histopathology (granulomatous, non-granulomatous), type of inflammatory process ( acute, chronic, recurrent) and cause (infectious, non-infectious) and social habits. Common sight-threatening ocular complications of Behçet Uveitis (BU) include edema, non-perfusion, neovascularization, and atrophy of the retina and/or optic disc. Among various genetic markers, class I, HLA-B5, and its subclass B51 allele have been reported to have the strongest association with BD, but their roles in idiopathic uveitis are unclear. Many studies have confirmed the association of B*51 with uveitis. In addition to this gene, other genes also play a small role in the occurrence of the disease. BD is associated with the B51 subtype of the HLA-B5 gene, especially the B*5101 allele. The association of HLA-B51 with various manifestations of BD has been reported to be conflicting, partly due to different regional and ethnic backgrounds in various studies. HLA-B27 is the most common type of HLA in patients with uveitis, especially in the anterior uveitis, and it is mostly prognostic because it renders the patients prone to recurrent disease. Genes involved included genes expressing interleukins, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and tumor necrosis factor and genes involved in the complement system. The geographic distribution, the familial forms, and the ethnic origin of patients with Behçet's disease (BD) are many evidence in favor of a genetic background. Although BD usually occurs sporadically, familial aggregation and a higher prevalence in siblings and parents of BD patients have been observed. Although the exact pathogenesis of specific uveitis entities is not clear, accumulating evidence supports a hypothesis that uveitis is caused by an imbalanced immune response induced by an interplay of infectious, traumatic, and environmental factors in individuals with particular genetic backgrounds. In this process, the tissue-resident myeloid cells and the lymphocytes play an important role in both the initiation and the expansion of ocular inflammation.