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The most important cause of postmenopausal bleeding is endometrial cancer but tuberculosis accounts for only 1% of the postmenopausal metrorrhagia. The association of these two disorders is extremely rare. The presented case is a 58-year-old postmenopausal woman complaining of a bloody vaginal discharge and pelvic pain. The laparatomy was performed and histologic examination of the uterus disclosed an endometrioid endometrial carcinoma, grade G1 invading less than one-half of the myometrial thickness. The tumor was associated with an extensive granulomatous reaction, with numerous tubercles composed of epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells of Langhans type and central caseation necrosis. These granulomas were seen close to the carcinoma in the Endometrium and far from the neoplasm in the myometrium, endocervix, right ovary and pelvic lymph nodes. Although the coexistence of endometrial cancer and tuberculosis is extremely rare, it may occur in patients who live in the regions with a high prevalence of tuberculosis.

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Background and purpose: Gastric carcinoma is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide and its incidence varies considerably according to geographical location. There are multiple etiologic factors such as infection with ËBV that play a role in carcinogenesis of gastric cancer, yet there is not enough evidence about pathogenesis of ËBV and its relationship with gastric cancer. Thus, recognizing pathogenic genes can help improve the prognosis of the patients. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between ËBV and ËBV-encoded BÂRF-1 oncogene in gastric adenocarcinoma pathogenesis.
Materials and methods: Ïn this analytical case-control study, 200 paraffin-embedded blocks of biopsies of patients with gastric cancer and those of healthy people were selected. Âfter DNÂ extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PÇR) was used to determine ËBV genome and BÂRF-1 oncogene by specific primers of BÂRF-1. Grade and stage of the gastric cancer biopsies were also examined.
Results: The results of PÇR indicated that ËBV genome was detected in three cases in the case group, whereas all samples in the control group were negative for ËBV. Thus, no significant relationship was observed between the two groups (P>0.05). The ËBV positive gastric cancers were negative for BÂRF-1 oncogene. Ït was also found that 41% of the cancers were grade Ï, 52% grade ÏÏ, and 7% grade ÏÏÏ.
Çonclusion: The findings suggest that gastric cancer has a high prevalence in the geographical region under study however, ËBV plays a minor role in the carcinogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma.

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Adenocarcinoma of fallopian tube is a rare malignancy of genital tract which bares many complications. If hysterectomy is performed without oophorectomy, saving the fallopian tubes is not necessary because they could cause tumors. In our case Cauliflower mass was seen many years after hysterectomy, accompanied by a rare condition in which the tube was attached to the vaginal cuff. The diagnosis of vaginal vault cancer was made and surgery was performed. However, post-operation diagnosis was fallopian tube cancer.

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Background and purpose: Melatonin is a neurohormone with important physiologic and pharmacologic role in human body especially in circadian rhythm .In recent years, some progress has been achieved to show its role in regulating in prevention of cancer especially breast and colon cancer. According to this background and as there was not any precise cellular research about the role of melatonin in gastric cancer in which this study this study has been aimed. Materials and methods: In this study, we used MTT assay procedure. Also, we have provided AGS and MKN-45 cell line from national cell bank, Institute Pasteur of Iran. The cells were cultured in RPMI medium in 5% CO2, 370C in 96 wells culture plate and then were incubated with melatonin and cisplatin (as positive control) for 48 hr. in 5 different concentrations. The proliferation index as cell viability was achieved and compared with controls groups with ELISA concerning Formazan crystal color absorbance between 450-690 nm. Results: Our results showed that melatonin in 12.5-200 µM has significant anti-proliferative effects in AGS cells and in 50-200 µM in MKN-45 compared with control and these results were in parallel with the effects of cisplatin. Conclusion: According to our data, we have shown that melatonin in a dose -dependent manner has antiproliferative effect in gastric adenocarcinoma cells and this effect in AGS cells was more potent than MKN-45 but more studies are needed to find the kind of receptors and the interacellular signaling pathways.

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Background and purpose: According to recent studies melatonin has been known as a potent anti-oxidant with anti-oncostatic and cytoprotective properties. The gastrointestinal tract is the major source of melatonin in periphery. Therefore, many scientists suppose a protective role for melatonin in gastrointestinal tract. Also, there is a high rate of gastric adenocarcinoma in Mazandaran province of Iran, so this study investigated the expression of melatonin receptor in gastrointestinal patients with focusing on MT2 as an important melatonin receptor which its role in many cancers has been shown peviously. Materials and methods: Gastric adenocarcinoma patients from Mazandaran province of Iran were selected for this study and normal individuals as control. After extracting RNA from 30 gastric cancer tissues and 30 normal tissues and preparing cDNA, the expression of melatonin receptor (type 2) has been assayed with Real-time PCR. Results: Our experiment has been shown for the first time in Mazandarn province, high expression of melatonin receptor type 2 in gastric cancer tissues compared to control.Also it was revealed that this expression in marginal of cancer patients was more than cancer tissues and negative control. Conclusion: In this study for the first time we found the expression of melatonin receptor in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues which was in consistent with other studies as breast and colon cancer and a high expression in marginal tissues indicates a refractory mechanism and defending role of melatonin in GI system .Also high experession of this receptor in gastric cancer people of Mazandarn province may help to know better the etiology of high incidence of this kind of cancer in this area.

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Background and purpose: Adenocarcinoma gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers of upper gastrointestinal tract. Many natural compounds are known to have anti-tumor activities through induction of tumor cell apoptosis. Tribulus terrestris is a plant with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that has been recommended in the world and Iranian traditional medicine. These effects have been proven in some recent studies. This study was performed to evaluate the anti-tumoral effect of chloroform fraction fruit of Tribulus terrestris (TT) on human adenocarcinoma gastric cancer. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, AGS cells were first cultured in standard conditions in plate and then incubated with different concentrations of chloroform fraction for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cell viability was determined using MTT assay. Cell death induction and cell cycle arrest were determined using flow cytometry. Results: The results demonstrated that the chloroform fraction decreased AGS cell viability in a concentration and time-dependent manner. The data indicate that this fraction increased apoptosis effectively in AGS cell line and cell cycle was arrested at G0/G1 phase. Conclusion: The effective compounds of the chloroform fraction of the plant Tribulus terrestris (TT) fruit induced apoptotic cell death in human gastric cancer cells. These compounds could be of great benefit in prevention or treatment of human gastric cancer.

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Background and purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of cancer. Its incidence has increased in Iran during the last 25 years. Micro-RNAs are used as new approach in cancer researches. The roles of miR-146a have been detected in different tumors. This study aimed at investigating the expression of microRNA146 in tumor tissue of colorectal adenocarcinoma in various stages of colorectal cancer using Real Time PCR. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 70 paraffin blocks from 50 patients and 20 healthy individuals (during 2012-2014) were studied. The total amount of RNA in tissues was deparaffinized using RNA extraction kit and the RNA concentration was measured by NanoDrop®. miR-146a from total RNA was extracted by qRT_PCR. The expression of miR-146a gene was studied by light cycler and 2-ΔΔCT was applied to measure the gene expression. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and paired t-test. Results: Significant differences were seen in expression of mir-146a in adenomatous polyps and colorectal cancer tumors (stage I-IV) compared with those of the healthy tissues (P<0.05) which were associated with increase in mir-146a expression. Conclusion: Increase in the expression of mir-146a is directly associated with development of cancer in pre-cancer (adenocarcinoma) and advanced cancer.

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Urinothorax is a rare cause of pleural effusion and often occurs unilaterally. In a urinothorax, the pleural fluid has the color and odor of urine, and the ratio of pleural fluid creatinine to serum creatinine is greater than one. In this report, a case of urinothorax after prostate cancer is presented. The patient is a 79-year-old man with a history of BPH who presented with urinary retention, nausea, and dyspnea. Laboratory tests revealed high serum creatinine, hypercalcemia and hyperkalemia. Ultrasound revealed moderate left-sided hydronephrosis, moderate ascites and massive left-sided pleural effusion on chest X-ray. Thoracentesis and aspiration of ascitic fluid were performed, and the ratio of creatinine in pleural fluid and ascitic fluid to serum creatinine was greater than one. The patient underwent bilateral nephrostomy, after which the pleural effusion and ascites resolved without further aspiration. A prostate examination revealed an enlarged and firmer prostate than normal. The patient's PSA level was checked and found to be over 100, and a prostate biopsy diagnosed adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The patient received the first cycle of chemotherapy and was discharged from hospital in good general health.