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Background and purpose: Homocysteine is a new cardiovascular risk factorthatits enhancement can cause increase in cardiovascular diseases. Because of physical activity importance in cardiovascular diseases prevention (specially in older people) this study intend to investigate the effect of 8-week low impact rhythmic aerobic (LIA) exercise on total plasma homocysteine concentration in non athlete Iranian older women for first time.
Materials and methods: Twenty five healthy women of (60-85) in Taravat retirement home at Shahrekord were the statistical sample of this study. They were purposefully divided in to two groups: (including) experimental and control. The Control group was also able to do the physical activity. At first, anthropometric characteristics including height, weight, Body Mass index (BMI) and Waist-to-Hip Ratio(WHR) were measured and recorded. Then resting blood sampling was taken from anterior vein in 5cc amount, while they did not eat any breakfast for 8-hours. Experimental group were directed to the LIA exercise program such as musical aerobic exercise with 40 percent of maximum heart rate for 15 minutes in first week and with 65 percent maximum heart rate for 40 minutes in the final week. Then WHR, BMI, resting blood sampling and total plasma homocysteine were measured again.
Results:For pre-test and post-test data comparison in two groups paired t-test and between groups in dependent t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient for assessment of relationship between homocysteine with WHR and BMI were applied. According to these results, there was a significant difference between total plasma homocysteine, BMI and WHR before and after the training in experimental group while nonsignificant difference was observed in control group. In investigating the relationship among these factors in experimental group, although there was not a meaningful relationship between BMI & homocysteine, a direct but incomplete relationship was observed (p=0.372, r=0.27) and also, between homocysteine and WHR in this group has been obtained similar results to previousone was obtained. In control group no significant relationship was observed among the variables.
Conclusion:Observations from this study, reveals that an 8-week low impact rhythmic aerobic training had useful effects on older women’s total plasma homocysteine concentration BMI & WHR reduction.

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Background and purpose:Many athletes adopt nutritional manipulations to improve their performance. Among the substances generally consumed is carnitine (L-trimethyl-3-hydroxy-ammoniobutanoate) which has been used by athletes as an ergogenic aid, due to its role in the transport of long-chain fatty acids across mitochondrial membranes. Nutritional supplements containing carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals have been widely used in various sporting fields to provide a boost to the recommended daily allowance. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of acute L-carnitine administration on ventilatory breakpoint, an exercise performance during incremental exercise.
Materials and methods: This study was double-blind, randomized and crossover in design. The subjects were 12 randomly selected active male physical education students, 21.75±0.64 years old, with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 23.7±0.94kg/m2, divided into 2 groups. They received orally either 2g of L-carnitine dissolved in 200 ml of water, plus 6 drops of lemon juice or a placebo (6 ml lemon juice dissolved in 200 ml of water) 90 minutes before they began to exercise on a treadmill. They performed a modified protocol of Conconi test to exhaustion. One-way analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used for data analysis.
Results:The results showed that exercise performance improved in LC group (2980±155 meter) compared with placebo group (2331±51 meter). Furthermore, no significant difference was found in ventilatory breakpoint between the two groups.
Conclusion:This finding indicates that administration of L- Carnitine, 90 minutes prior to exercise may improve performance despite the ventilatory breakpoint as one of the anaerobicsystem indices that had no effect.

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Background and purpose: Solid waste leachate including different physical, chemical and biological pollutants is one of the most contaminated wastewater types. The limitations of conventional biological method for leachate treatment are the high energy consumption, nutrient requirement, sludge production, and cost. In this research, the efficiency of anaerobic baffled reactor modified by anaerobic filter (ABR-AF) was studied in solid waste leachate treatment located in Sari. Materials and methods: In this study, two glass reactors (six cells) were used. Each cell in upward section was equipped with a sampling port (and also a gas exit) and the volume of each reactor was 5.7 L. The initial cell was used for suspended solid settling and the last cell acted as an anaerobic filter in ABR-AF. The blank reactor characteristics were the same as the initial one except that it was without sludge and filter media. The interior temperature of the cells was adjusted by four electrical elements. After reaching the equilibrium, the leachate with different organic loading entered the reactor. Then, different parameters (COD, BOD5, TSS, o-phosphate, nitrate, ammonia, pH, etc.) were measured in different places of the reactors. All analyses were performed according to the “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater”. To analyze the data, analysis of variance and regression tests were performed in SPSS version 16. Results: The system efficiency for COD removal varied in the range of 39-96%. The maximum efficiency for COD removal was related to three days detention time and 10.72(Kg COD/m3.d) organic loading, while the minimum efficiency for it before the filter was related to one day detention time and 1.96 (Kg COD/m3.d) organic loading. The average efficiency for BOD5 removal varied from 39 to 58% and it ranged from 4 to 16% for o-phosphate removal. Conclusion: The ABR-AF system alone is not able to provide the effluent discharge requirement to surface and groundwater, but it can meet the needs of effluent discharge requirement to agricultural waterways.

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Background and purpose: The Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) is a potent dilator of cerebral vessels and that now thought to play a central role in the underlying pathophysiology of migraine. The purpose of present study, therefore, was to investigate effects of endurance, resistance, and strength training on CGRP content in Wistar rat’ trigeminal nerve. Materials and methods: A number of 21 rats randomly assigned into four groups including Control, Endurance, Resistance, and Strength training. Treadmill running endurance protocol including 5 days a week, 60 min/day, 30 m/min speed, animals of the resistance training group were housed in metal cage with a wire-mesh tower the strength training protocol consisted of climbing a 1-meter–long ladder. Forty-eight hours after last session of protocol, animals were anaesthetized and trigeminal nerve ganglion was exited after head separating and skull excision. Then, tissues were quickly frizzed in liquid nitrogen. For data analyses, one way ANOVA was used. Results: Data analysis showed that there was a significant different between control and strength training groups in trigeminal nerve ganglion CGRP (P= 0.03). But, the content of CGRP in trigeminal nerve ganglion was not significantly different in endurance and resistance groups compared with control group (respectively, P= 0.35 and P= 0.57). Conclusion: It is considered that intensity of training plays a key role in CGRP increase. It is suggested that moderate to low intensity of physical activity probably lead to less CGRP release in brain vessels and trigeminal nerves.

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Background and purpose: Resistin and Adiponectin play a crucial role in the diseases caused by obesity through regulating metabolic and inflammatory processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of regular aerobic exercise on plasma levels of adiponectin and resistin in active young female. Materials and methods: Twenty active females (basketball player) were randomly divided into two groups of control and experimental. The experimental group performed aerobic exercise, four sessions in a week, for eight weeks with the intensity of 70-80% of HRmax, while the control group did not have any exercise. After eight weeks of aerobic exercise the BMI, body fat percentage, plasma resistin and adiponectin levels were measured. Sandwich ELISA was used to measure the levels of plasma resistin and adiponectin. Statistical analysis was performed by repeated measure and student t-test. Results: Results of this study showed that significant decreases in BMI and body fat percentage in the experimental group (P<0.05). The level of resistin also significantly reduced in the experimental group (P<0.05) while the level of adiponectin significantly increased in this group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Regular aerobic training in addition to reducing BMI, and body fat percentage reduced the levels of plasma resistin and increased the adiponectin level in active young female which could help in reducing the possibility of cardiovascular diseases. (Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT2012121511528N1)

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Background and purpose: As aging increases throughout the world the number of menopausal women is increasing too. Their quality of life is considered important in all societies. This study aimed at assessing the efficacy of nutrition education alone or combined with aerobic exercise on quality of life in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Material and Methods: This randomized controlled trial was performed in 81 healthy married women aged 45-60 years old in Kaleibar (west north of Iran) during March- June 2013. Using block randomization the subjects were allocated into three groups (n=27 per group). Group I received nutrition education and group II received nutrition education and also performed aerobic exercises, while the control group received no intervention. Menopausal quality of life questionnaire (MENQOL) was applied at baseline, 8, and 12 weeks after the intervention. Data was analyzed using ANCOVA test Results: Quality of life significantly improved after 8 and 12 weeks in group I while this improvement was observed after 12 weeks in group II. The mean total MENQOL scores in group I was 59.5 before the intervention and 40.1 after 8 weeks [adjusted mean difference: −13.9 (95% CI: −19.3 to −8.5)] and 35.4 after 12 weeks [−22.1 (−27.3 to -17.0]. Also, in group II this score was 58.4 before the intervention, 49.2 after 8 weeks [−4 (−10.2 to 2.2)], and 49.5 after 12 weeks [−6.3 (−11.8 to -0.8)]. No side effects were reported. Conclusion: Nutrition education combined with physical exercise is more effective than the nutrition education alone in improving the quality of life in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.

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Background and purpose: Pulp and paper industries produce large quantities of effluent that release various pollutants daily. Among various methods for treating such effluents, anaerobic biosorption process is of interest because of lower need to mechanical energy, boigasses production, high organic loading rate (OLR), low sludge production, and resistant system. OLR is one of the most important effective hydrodynamic parameters. In this study, the effect of OLR was investigated on anaerobic biosorption reactor in treating pulp and paper effluent.

Materials and methods: A 1.96L effective volume cannon pilot was used and wastewater was injected by pumping to the bed of the reactor. Temperature and pH were maintained about 30±2°C and 6.8-7.2, respectively. The effect of OLR on efficiency of system was studied in 1-12 kgCOD/m³.d. All experiments were performed under steady state conditions using procedures outlined in Standard Methods.

Results: In OLR 7kgCOD/m³.d and upflow velocity of 0.56m/h the system was able to reduce over 80% of COD concentration after 33-39h. No significant increase was observed in efficiency of the system at more OLRs, so it was selected as optimum loading rate. System efficiency was found to have a direct relation with decrease of upflow velocity and increase of HRT. The gas generation rate was 0.32 m³/kg COD removed.

Conclusion: According to this study, anaerobic biosorption system satisfactorily treated pulp and paper mill effluent and could perform this close to wastewater discharge standards established by national guidelines.

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Background and purpose: Phytoremediation (constructed wetland) is one of the most appropriate technologies for wastewater treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the combined anaerobic and phytoremediation systems for sanitary wastewater treatment.

Materials and methods: This experimental study was performed during nine months to measure some parameters including COD, BOD₅, TSS, turbidity, total coliform, and intestinal nematode using combined anaerobic and phytoremediation systems. The samples of wastewater were randomly taken twice per month from the influent and effluent of the septic, wetland and control system. The parameters were measured based on both the Bailenger and standard methods for extermination of water and wastewater. The results were then compared with the Iranian effluent standards for irrigation.

Results: The results showed that by using the hybrid process of anaerobic and phytoremediation systems, the COD and TSS removal rates reached 80% each and the turbidity and BOD₅ removal rates were reported to be 90%. The removal efficiencies of total coliform and intestinal nematode were 99, 999% and 100%, respectively. In this study, the quality of the treated wastewater was found to be acceptable according to the Iranian effluent standards for irrigation.

Conclusion: The combined anaerobic and phytoremediation systems can be used as an efficient process for wastewater treatment.

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Background and purpose: Energy recovery from waste is an appropriate method for waste management and energy production from food waste. Energy production through waste incineration produces significant emission which is a critical threat for environment. Anaerobic digestion of the waste is a suitable way to produce clean energy. This study aimed to investigate the anaerobic digestion from food waste using microwave pretreatments in different levels of power and time that eventually increase anaerobic digestion and produce methane.

Materials and methods: The food waste was collected from the restaurant in Bu-Ali Sina University and microwave (MW) treatment was performed before feeding reactor. Pretreatment process of the food waste was done by a domestic MW (P= 450 and 630 W) in different radiation times (100, 200 and 300 s). Reactors at mesophilic temperature (37°C) were launched for 15 days and SCOD and TCOD values were measured before loading and at the end of the tests. Using MATLAB software, the cumulative methane values were fitted on exponential, modified Gompertz and logistic models and the best model was determined in terms of the highest R² and lowest RMSE and SSE amounts.

Results: Based on the results, the best performance of anaerobic digestion, the maximum percentage of  and the highest rate of methane production were obtained in 630 W microwave power and 300 s exposure time. Also, cumulative methane production was fitted using exponential, modified Gompertz and logistic models.

Conclusion: Increasing the power and exposure time enhanced solubility and the  of the food waste. By increase in  the daily biogas and methane productions also increase. The TS_removed and VS_removed values increase when the microwave power and exposure time increased. Also, the modified Gompertz model is a comprehensive and flexible model that is well fitted the experimental data and modified Gompertz model results in the highest R² value and the lowest RMSE and SSE.

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Background and purpose: Plasma levels of lipid profile is one of the main factors in assessing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training on lipid profile, body fat percentage, body mass index, and maximal oxygen uptake in sedentary overweight females in the morning or evening.

Materials and methods: In this semi experimental study, 36 overweight women (mean age 29.71±3.05 years and body mass index 27.25±1.26 kg) were selected using purposive sampling. They were divided in two exercise (n= 10) and control groups (n= 8). Training program included aerobic exercises at 8 am and 6 pm, three days a week. The target heart rate was 60% maximum heart rate (MHR) for 25 minutes in first week which reached 85% MHR for 45 minutes in last week. To determine the lipid profile, a 12 h fasting blood sample was taken before and after the intervention.

Results: The results showed that following training in both morning and afternoon, HDL-c levels increased significantly (P=0.001) but LDL-c levels decreased significantly (P=0.002). Triglycerides and total cholesterol levels did not change significantly after the intervention (P=0.27, P=0.38, respectively). Maximum oxygen consumption increased significantly in evening exercises (P= 0.013). Body fat percentage and body mass index decreased significantly in both the morning and evening (P= 0.001).

Conclusion: Our findings revealed that aerobic exercises in the morning and evening had similar influence on lipid profile while the increase in aerobic capacity in the evening was more than that in the morning.

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Background and purpose: One of the main issues in cancer treatment is to reduce the side effects of drugs on healthy tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the preventative effects of continuous aerobic exercise on apoptosis ratio and liver fibrosis induced by doxorubicin in aging rats.
Materials and methods: In this experimental research, 42 adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n= 7), including the Young, Aged, Aged+ Saline, Aged+ Dox, Aged+ Exercise+ Saline, and Aged+ Exercise+ Dox. The training groups practiced on treadmill while considering the principle of overload (five sessions per week/ six weeks). On the last 15 days of exercise, doxorubicin or saline solution were injected (1 mg/kg/daily). Then, 48 hours after completing the trainings, liver tissue sampling was performed to evaluate the fibrosis and expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins. Data analysis was done using One-way ANOVA at a significant level of P≤0.05.
Results: Doxorubicin caused a significant increase in liver fibrosis, expression of Bax protein and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and a significant reduction in expression of Bcl-2 protein (p≤0.05). On the other hand, aerobic training significantly reduced the expression of Bax protein, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and hepatic fibrosis, and significantly increased the expression of Bcl-2 protein (p≤0.05).
Conclusion: Continuous aerobic exercises, reduce the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio which is an indicator of increase in survival rate and also reduce liver fibrosis against doxorubicin.
 
 

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Background and purpose: Increasing prevalence of diabetes and its complications, including cardiovascular problems increase the cost of health care which could be diminished with proper planning to change lifestyle. The present study investigated the effect of aerobic and resistance trainings on blood GDF15 level as a protective marker on cardiovascular cells in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Materials and methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 32 patients with type 1 diabetes were divided into aerobic training group and resistance exercise training group. Serum GDF15 levels were measured in all patients before and after the exercises. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Bootstrap in SPSS.
Results: In this study, the GDF-15 levels significantly increased after the exercises (P <0.05) and the effect size was 15%. The GDF-15 levels were found to be significantly higher in aerobic training group than resistance exercise training group (P <0.05).
Conclusion: There is a positive relationship between exercise and GDF15 level in type 1 diabetic patients which is more significant in aerobic training group.

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Background and purpose: The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of aerobic exercises and green coffee consumption as a supplement on serum meteorin-like, myonectin level, and insulin resistance in obese women in Isfahan, Iran.
Materials and methods: A clinical trial was performed in 40 women who were randomly divided into four groups, including aerobic exercises (5 sessions per week/30-45 min/ 8 weeks), green coffee supplement (400 mg/daily), aerobic exercises (5 sessions per week/30-45 min/ 8 weeks) and green coffee supplement (400 mg/ 8 weeks), and control groups. Forty eight hr after the last exercise session, blood samples were collected (after a 12-hr overnight fast) to measure the serum meteorin-like, myonectin, insulin, and glucose levels. Data analysis was done applying dependent t-test and ANOVA.
Results: The participants’ mean weight, height, and BMI were 81.71±6.79 kg, 161.01±6.72 cm, and 32.4±4.6, respectively. ANOVA test showed significant differences in serum levels of myonectin
(P=0.001), meteorin-like (P= 0.007), insulin (P = 0.005), fasting glucose (P= 0.001) and insulin resistance (P=0.001) between the groups studied. Aerobic exercises and green coffee intake significantly increased serum myonectin and meteorin-like levels, compared to aerobic exercises (P= 0.001) and green coffee consumption alone (P= 0.001).
Conclusion: Green coffee intake and periodic exercises can affect some glycemic indices. Current study confirms the role of serum meteorin-like and myonectin level in preventing obesity and insulin resistance.
 
(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20170510033909N5)
 

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Background and purpose: Apoptosis is a protective cellular process that plays an important role in the development and homeostasis of natural tissues as well as disease-causing factors. Current study aimed at determining the effect of aerobic training, Vitamin D, and injection of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) on some apoptotic and anti-apoptotic indices of beta-pancreatic cells of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats.
Materials and methods: In an experimental study, 80rats (220-240g, 8 weeks old) were randomly divided into 10 groups: Control, Sham, diabetics, ADSCs, exercise, Vitamin D, ADSCs +exercise, ADSCs +Vitamin D, exercise+ Vitamin D, and ADSCs +exercise+ Vitamin D. The exercise protocol included treadmill running at 60-70% VO₂max for 5 days a week/ 6 weeks. In ADSCs receiver groups, human ADSCs (1.5*10⁶ PBS/5mL) were injected to the tail vein. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60mg/kg) dissolved in citrate buffer, pH 4.5. Bax and Bcl2 values of beta pancreatic cells were measured following homogenization and centrifugation using ELISA. Data analysis was done applying one way analysis of variance and Tukey test.
Results: Significant differences were seen between the levels of Bax and Bcl2a well as the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax between diabetic group and control group and diabetic group and other groups (P=0.001). But, there were no significant differences between other groups (P=0.001).
Conclusion: It seems that all interventions, especially their combination, can have an increasing effect on Bcl2 values and decrease Bax values and the ratio of beta-pancreatic cells. So, they can be used as a Bax pharmacological method to reduce hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis on beta cells. 

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Background and purpose: There is little evidence about the effect of exercise trainings with different intensities and resveratrol on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) indexes. This investigation aimed at studying the effect of 8 weeks of high and moderate intensity exercise training and resveratrol supplementation on alterations of FGF-21 and Cytokeratin-18 levels in NAFLD rats.
Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 48 adult male rats (210±10 gr) were randomly divided into six groups, including a healthy control group, a patient group, rats that received saline, some to do high and moderate intensity exercise trainings, and animals that received resveratrol (10 mg/kg/day). High fat emulsion was used to induce NAFLD. Exercise trainings were performed at 8 weeks, five times a week for 45 minutes. We measured serum levels of FGF-21 and Cytokeratin-18 by ELIZA and FGF21 mRNA by PCR real time method. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post-hoc test.
Results: The serum levels of FGF21 mRNA, FGF-21, and Cytokeratin-18 showed significant decrease in resveratrol group, and high and moderate intensity exercise groups compared to the patient group (P≤0.001), but were not significantly different among these three groups (P≤0.001).
Conclusion: The resveratrol supplementation, and high and moderate intensity exercise trainings could decrease FGF-21 and Cytokeratin-18serum levels in NAFALD rats.
 

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Background and purpose: Obesity leads to a variety of metabolic changes that may contribute to abnormalities in the structure and function of the heart. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of royal jelly and aerobic training on oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes in high-fat diet-induced obese rats.
Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 45 male rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=9): Normal Diet (ND), High-Fat Diet (HFD), High-Fat Diet +Training (HFDT), High-Fat Diet + Royal Jelly (HFDRJ), and High-Fat Diet +Training + Royal Jelly (HFDTRJ). The supplement groups received 100 mg of royal jelly (kg/body weight) diluted in distilled water orally during the intervention period. The aerobic exercise program included treadmill running with an intensity of 50-60% oxygen consumption (VO2max), 5 days/week for 8 weeks.
Results: Significant increases were seen in Nrf2 and HO-1 gene expression levels in HFDT (P=0.049 and P=0.029, respectively), HFDRJ (P=0.000 and P=0.041, respectively), and HFDTRJ (P=0.000 and P=0.000, respectively). This increase was also observed in HFDTRJ group compared with HFDT group (P=0.039 and P=0.003, respectively) and HFDRJ group (P=0.038 and P=0.002, respectively). Also, significant decrease was observed in MDA values (P=0.001). Findings showed significant increase in SOD, GPX, and CAT in HFDT, HFDRJ and HFDTRJ groups compared with HFD group in HFDTRJ group compared with HFDT and HFDRJ groups (P=0.001).
Conclusion: Combining RJ with aerobic training may possibly inhibit HFD-induced cardiomyocytes damage by up-regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and improving oxidative state.

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 Background and purpose: Transgenic rice is a type of rice that its genetic sequence has been changed to improve its quantity and quality. Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) transgenic rice expresses Cry1Ab protein and is named Tarom Molaii. There are no studies on the effect of this type of transgenic rice on gastrointestinal health in Iran, so, this study investigated the effect of Tarom Molaii transgenic rice on common microbial flora of rat intestine.
Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 24 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats received transgenic and non-transgenic rice in their diets for 90 days and were compared with the control group that received standard rat diet. The number of Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus bacteria and the total number of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in fecal samples were examined in jejunum, ileum, and duodenum samples on days 60, 90, and after killing the rats.
Results: The study showed that except for the total number of anaerobic bacteria in the stool sample on day 90, there was no significant relationship between the study groups and the number of bacteria (P>0.05). There was an increase in the number of intestinal Lactobacillus in the transgenic rice-fed group and a decrease in the number of anaerobic bacteria in the transgenic rice-fed group compared with the control group and the non-transgenic rice-fed group.
Conclusion: Consumption of transgenic rice in current study had no considerable effect on the number of common bacteria in the intestinal normal flora. But, long-term studies are needed in other laboratory animals.
 

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Background and purpose: Disorder in the brain oxidant-antioxidant system is the main cause of neurodegenerative diseases. Although the favorable effects of exercise and garlic supplementation on nervous system disorders are known, but their interactive effect is not well known. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effects of aerobic training and garlic supplementation on superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde of brain tissue in aged rats with Parkinson’s disease.
Materials and methods: 40 Sprague-Dawley male rats (weight 250±20 gr) were randomly divided into five groups (1) healthy control, (2) Parkinson's control, (2) Parkinson's- aerobic exercise, (3) Parkinson's- garlic supplement and (5) Parkinson's-aerobic exercise-garlic supplement. In this study, rats were infected with Parkinson's disease by injecting 2 mg/kg of reserpine. Aerobic training was performed five sessions a week and each session lasted 15-48 minutes at speed of 10-24 meters per minute, for eight weeks. Supplement groups received daily 500 mg/kg garlic by gavage. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the P<0.05.
Results: The activity of GPx and MDA in the Parkinson's-supplemented garlic, Parkinson's-aerobic exercise and Parkinson's-aerobic exercise-supplemented garlic groups was higher than the Parkinson's control group (P≥0.05). The activity of SOD in the Parkinson's - aerobic exercise - garlic supplementation group were higher than the Parkinson's control group (P≥0.05). SOD was significantly higher in the aerobic exercise and Parkinson's-aerobic exercise-garlic supplementation than the Parkinson's-garlic supplementation group, and it was significantly higher the in the Parkinson's group-aerobic exercise-garlic supplement than the Parkinson's group-aerobic exercise (P≥0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that aerobic exercise with garlic supplement can help improve antioxidants and reduce oxidative stress in the brain tissue of rats with Parkinson's disease.

 

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Background and purpose: The evidence indicates that exercise training can affect the heart's structure at the cellular-molecular levels. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise training on miR-222 and the expression of cTnT, Cx43 genes, and cardiomyocyte proliferation in pre-pubertal, young adult, and old male rats.
Materials and methods: The number of 30 male Wistar rats in three age groups; 2 weeks as the pre-pubertal group, 8 weeks as the young group, and 96 weeks as the old group were randomly divided into two training groups (n=5), and control (n=5). Resistance training programs (resistance ladder, 3 days per week) and aerobic (treadmill running, 3 days per week) were performed for 6 weeks. The expression of miR-222 and Cx43, cTnT, and Ki67 genes were investigated by the Real Time-PCR method. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used (P≥0.05).
Results: The amount of BrdU protein by immunohistochemical method and Ki67 gene expression was significantly higher in the training groups than in the control groups in all three age groups: pre-pubertal, young adult, and old male rats (P≥0.05). miR-222 was significantly higher in the group of trained pre-pubertal than in the control group (P=0.023). The increase in cTnT gene expression in the pre-pubertal groups (P=0.018) and old rats (P=0.015) and the increase in Cx43 gene expression in the old rats group (P=0.009) was observed.
Conclusion: Aerobic-resistance training can be an effective stimulus to increase cardiomyocyte proliferation in all three age groups pre-pubertal, young, and old.
 

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Background and purpose: Atrophy of the skeletal system caused by spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause secondary systemic metabolic dysfunction, such as glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance. On the other hand, Sirtun1 (SIRT1) and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α) are known factors and related proteins involved in skeletal muscle atrophy. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic training with resveratrol consumption on SIRT1 and PGC-1α levels in the gastrocnemius muscles of rats after spinal cord injury.
Materials and methods: 36 male Wistar rats aged eight weeks were randomly placed in 4 groups including control, resveratrol, training, and resveratrol+training (each group n=9). After anesthesia, an incision was made in the midline of the back and over the vertebral ridges. The muscles and lamina of the T9 vertebra were removed without damaging the dura mater, Spinal cord injury was caused by dropping a ten-gram weight from a height of 25 mm on the spinal cord in the T10 segment. After confirmation of SCI, a Resveratrol supplement with a dose of 10 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally and daily (every morning for 4 weeks), and the rats of other groups were injected with the same amount of saline. The aerobic training was carried out with the help of the weight support system for 4 weeks, 5 sessions per week, each session was 58 minutes and the intensity was 20 m/min. 48 hours after the last training session, the gastrocnemius muscle of right leg of all rats was removed. The SIRT1 and PGC-1α levels in the gastrocnemius muscle were measured by the ELISA method. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc tests were used at the significance level of P<0.05.
Results: SIRT1 levels in the gastrocnemius muscle of resveratrol and resveratrol+training groups were significantly higher than the control group (P-value respectively 0.023 and 0.007), but despite the increase in the level of this index in the training group compared to the control group, no significant difference was observed (P=0.399). SIRT1 levels in gastrocnemius muscle of resveratrol+training groups were significantly higher than training group (P=0.038). PGC-1α levels in gastrocnemius muscle of training and resveratrol+ training groups were significantly higher than control group (P-value respectively 0.024 and 0.007), but despite the increase in the level of this index in the resveratrol group compared to the control group, no significant difference was observed (P=0.449). PGC-1α levels in gastrocnemius muscle of resveratrol+training groups were significantly higher than reveratrol group (P=0.023).
Conclusion: These results show the positive effect of resveratrol consumption, on SIRT1 level, as well as aerobic exercise on PGC-1α level of the biceps muscle in rats with SCI. It has been pointed out that the increase in SIRT1 expression and the subsequent increase in PGC-1α leads to an increase in the number of myonuclei, which improves the recovery process after injury and plays an active role in muscle hypertrophy by upregulating and reducing catabolic processes. herefore, it appears that a combination of aerobic training and resveratrol supplementation can mitigate muscle atrophy caused by spinal cord injury in muscles below the level of injury by influencing the levels of muscle SIRT1 and PGC-1α