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Background and purpose: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorder that results in significant consequences in active population of the society. Ïn traditional manscripts there are many indications about the antidepressant effects of rose drops, but, sofar no scientific research has been done about this subject. The objective of present study is to determine the anti depressant effects of this plant.
Materials and Methods: This study was done on laboratory rats. Üsing the forced mandatory swimming test and the effect of Rosa in different concentrations was compared to the effects of placebo and amphetamine.
Results: Rose drops with a concentration of 5% had no antidepressant effect, but concentrations of 10% , 20% and 40% , reduced the depression significantly in Çomparision to placebo, which was similar to amphetamine.
Çonclusion: Since the anti depressant effect of Rose drops appeared acutely and in a short period of time, like amphetamine, it is probable that, it’s effect is due to release of pre-synaptic amines.

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Background and purpose : Panic disorder (PD) and MVP are relatively Çommon disorders, and the relation between them has been noticed by researchers. The question, weather, MVP is more common in PD patients than the whole non PD population, has not been answered yet. Ïn order to answer the question, this study was designed and performed.
Materials and methods : This descriptive study, has been done on the patients referring to psychiatric clinic from 1998 to 2001. The patients with confirmed diagnosis of PD according to DSM-ÏV, were under clinical trial and echocardiography by cardiologist for the probable presence of MVP.
Results : During this study, 181 patients suffering from PD were under study, of which, 127(70. 2%) were females and 54 (29. 8%) men. Mean age in females was 26 and 32.6 years respectively. Ïn all, 64(38.1%) of the patients had MVP according to perloff criteria.
Çonclusion : Ït seems that MVP in the patients suffering from PD has relatively more prevalence as a result, cardiovascular examination in confirmed PD patients would be useful.

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Background and Purpose:Tinnitus is a troublesome disease that may cause several problems, including the following: insomnia decreased concentration and diminished quality of life. This study was designed in order to evaluate depression and anxiety in patients with tinnitus.
Materials and Methods:This study was an experimental survey and carried out with case – control method. There were 50 persons in case and control groups, case group included patients with non-organic tinnitus. The patients in case and control group completed Beck and Spiel Berger questionnaire, in order to evaluate their level of depression and anxiety.
Results:Age, sex, marital status and smoking of case and control groups were similar. Case groups included 50 patients in which 20 of those were smokers and their level of depression and anxiety were higher than non smokers and this difference was significant (P=0.03). Level of depression in patients with tinnitus was higher than control group (p=0.03), patients with tinnitus experienced more anxiety than control group.
Conclusion:The patients with tinnitus suffered more depression and anxiety in comparison to patients without tinnitus.

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Background and purpose: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorder of children and adolescents .studies show that depression and other psychiatric disorders are common in families having children with ADHD. Maternal depression affects the prognosis of ADHD. Therefore assessment and management of depression in mothers can play an important role in treatment and prognosis of children with ADHD. Methods: 100 cases of children referred to psychiatric clinic for children were selected .Diagnosis of ADHD were based on DSM-IV-TR and Kaner’s parental scale. Beck’s questioner was used for assessment of mothers’ depression. Results: Prevalence of mothers' depression was 40 %. (32% = mild, 7%= moderate, 1%=severe). The most common symptoms of depression were lack of energy (77%), decreased libido (70%), lack of self satisfaction (62%), difficulty in making decision (57%), guilt feeling (54%), feeling penalties (42%), loss of interest in other people (30%). Conclusion: Findings showed that depression in mothers of children with ADHD is more common than general population of women. Correlation between depression and mother’s academic level was statistically significant. Mothers with higher academic level, have milder depression than others. there is not a significant statistical difference in mothers' depression between two groups of children who received drug for ADHD and those who did not. The number of depressed mothers in the second group were higher than in the first one though

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Background and purpose: Çoping strategies, anxiety and depressive symptoms are major problems of post myocardial infarction patients. Âs the number of investigations studying on such complications was limited, this study was to determine the prevalence of anxiety, depressive symptoms and coping styles among post-MÏ patients.
Materials and methods: Ïn a cross-sectional study one hundred consecutive MÏ patients admitted to the ÇÇÜ wards of hospitals in Ïsfahan were recruited. The patients completed Jalowiec Çoping questionnaire and Hospital Ânxiety and Depression Scale (HÂDS) sheets. Then the data was analyzed using Çhi-squared test, Pearson correlation coefficient, MÂNÇÔVÂ and Çovariance.
Results: The mean anxiety and depression subscales were 10.22 and 9.28 respectively. Ôf all cases, 42% and 31% showed anxiety and depressive symptoms, respectively. The means of proportional scores for coping styles were 0.68 for self-reliant and 0.49 for emotive coping styles, which are the most used and the least used methods by the post myocardial infarction patients respectively.
Çonclusion: Self-reliant, Ôptimistic, Çonfrontive and Supportant coping styles were the most coping styles used by post MÏ patients, in that order. The problem-oriented function of these coping styles dominates the emotional-oriented function.

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Background and purpose: The aim of this research was to assess the depression syndrome in male prisoners and its relationship with self-esteem and social support in a Shiraz-based prison.
Materials and methods: Ïn this correlational study, 82 male prisoners in Âdel Âbad prison in Shiraz were randomly selected and the Beck Depression Ïnventory, Çoopersmith self-esteem Questionnaire and Social Support Questionnaire were completed for them. Data was analyzed using Stepwise Multiple Regression and Pearson Çorrelation coefficient.
Results: %93.9 of prisoners had mild to severe depression and it was significant in relation with self-esteem and depression (P<0.001), however, the relationship between depression and social support was not significant. Results of multiple regression showed that self-esteem is a predictive factor for depression in prisoners (β=-0.505, P<0.001) while social support showed no significant relationship.
Çonclusion: Âccording to the high prevalence of depression syndrome in prisoners, it is suggested that providing psychological services may decrease the prevalence of depression in male prisoners.

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Background and purpose: Stress due to infertility cause marital dissatisfaction, low self steam and decreased intercourse frequency in couples. Âccording to different studies on psychosocial problem in infertile couples, this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety and marital satisfaction in 200 infertile women referred to the Ïnfertility clinics in Sari (2008).
Materials and methods: Ïn this descriptive study, 200 infertile women were selected among patients referred to the Ïmam Khomeini Hospital and Sant Mary Ïnfertility Çlinics. Three questionnaires including Ketel anxiety, Beck depression and Ënrich marital satisfaction questionnaire were used for data collection. Âll patients were provided with information about the aim and purpose of the study and a consent form was signed if they agreed to participate in the study. Then questionnaires were completed by patients. Çhi-square test for qualitative variables and the t-test for quantitative variables were used for data analysis using SPSS software (version 16).
Results: Ôf those 200 original sample, 124 (62%) were suffered from various degrees of depression. Ôf these, 55 (27.5%) had mild depression, 51 (25.5%) moderate depression and 18 patients (9%) had severe depression. Âlso 101 of 200 patients (50.5%) had no anxiety, 38 (19%) had mild anxiety, 35 (17.5%) had moderate anxiety, 22 (11%) had severe anxiety and 4 cases (2%) had very severe anxiety. Ôf those patients participating in the study %27 had marital dissatisfaction. There was a significant relationship between marital satisfaction with severity of depression and anxiety. Ïn patients with low level of severity of depression and anxiety, marital satisfaction was high (p<0.05).
Çonclusion: Âccording to the results of this study it seems that the presence of psychologists and clinical psychiatrists in the diagnosis and treatment of infertility centers are useful in helping infertile patients to cope better with stress caused by infertility.

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Background and purpose: Ïdentifying the students’ attributional style and helping them to be responsible and have a proper view is of critical importance which can lead them to achieve greater success and creativity. Çonsidering its significant role in being an active or a passive, and demotivated person, the present study was conducted in order to determine the attributional style of the students studying in Mazandaran Üniversity of Medical Sciences.
Materials and methods: This is a descriptive study conducted in Mazandaran Üniversity of Medical Sciences in 2008-2009 with the population of 2582 students on 343 male and 428 female randomly selected students. The data were collected using the Âttributional Style Questionnaire. This is a descriptive study conducted in Mazandaran Üniversity of Medical Sciences in 2008-2009 on 343 male and 428 female randomly selected students among a population of 2582 students.
Results: The obtained data showed that 43.9% of the participants had internal, while 56.1% of them demonstrated external attributional style. Âmong the female participants, 42.3% used internal and the rest (57.7%) employed external attributional style, similarly, 45.8% of the male participants preferred internal and 54.2% of them tend to use external attributional style.
Çonclusion: Âccording to the results, the dominant attributional style of the participants is the external style which has a negative impact on their motivation, effort, and academic achievement which then, may negatively influence their success. Thus, it seems necessary to train them the coping strategies in order to reduce their external attributional style.

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Background and purpose: Both the condition of infertility and its treatment cause stress in couples. ÏN-Vitro Fertilization (ÏVF) is a stressful procedure for patients. Ëvidence has shown that, in addition to biomedical factors (such as age and history of pregnancy), psychological factors are related to the outcome of ÏVF treatment.
Materials and methods: This cohort study was performed in 2008 on 70 (35 patients in case group and 35 patients in control group) candidates for ÏVF in two infertility clinics in Sari. Psychiatric assessment of patients was done before Gonadotropine injection for ÏVF by a psychiatrist with standard questionnaires. Ânxiety and depression questionnaires were completed by the patients. Based on the results drawn from the questionnaires, the control group was formed from individuals with no anxiety or depression or individuals suffering from mild anxiety and depression or either of them. Ïndividuals of the case group were suffering from moderate to severe anxiety and depression or either of them.
Results: Mean age of patients was 30.25 ± 4.63 year in case group and 30.37 ±4.67 year in control group. Pregnancy rate was 31.42% in case and 54.54% in control group. Relative risk for not becoming pregnant in individuals suffering from moderate to severe anxiety and depression was1.5 and attributable risk was 33%.
Çonclusion: Pregnancy rate in normal individuals or individuals suffering mild anxiety and depression or either of them, was higher. Than those suffering from moderate to severe depression.

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Abstract Background and purpose: One of the most common complications of depression and treatment with ECT as one of the most effective treatments for depression is problem related to memory. This study was performed with aim of determination of the effects of Ginkgo pill on depression and cognition disturbance in this patients. Materials and methods: In this clinical trial study, 81 major depressed inpatients who was admitted in Hajar hospital allocated randomly in two groups (case and control). patients had indications of bilateral ECT. Before and at the end of treatment period with ECT, cognition status of patients was evaluated by Mini Mental State Exam questionnaire and depression severity was evaluated with Hamilton depression questionnaire. In case group, patients was treated with Ginkgo pill 40 mg each 8 hours and control group was treated with placebo for ECT treatment period (2weeks). Data analyzed by software SPSS 11 / 5 t-test, mean and ANOVA. Results: Between the two groups there was no statistically significant differences between age, gender, marital status, employment, duration of disease, depression and cognition score (P>0.05). The average scores in the field of cognitive problems and depression status of patients before and after ECT in both groups had significant difference (P<0.001) and case groups was better in both condition. Conclusion: Result of this study revealed the effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba in, cognition and depression status of major depress patients who treated with ECT, probably related to flavenoids and antioxidant component of this plant.

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Background and purpose: Depression and social phobia are common psychiatric disorders. The main objective of this study was to study of relationship between social problem-solving and depression and social phobia among students. Materials and methods: In this correlational- descriptive study, 403 (245female and 158 male) from Islamic Azad university, Azadshahr branch were selected through stratified random sampling method. In order to collect the data, were used The Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised (Short Form), Beck Depression Inventory, and Social Phobia Inventory. Data were analyzed through SPSS-13, Pearson's correlation, t test and analysis of Variance (AN0VA). Results: Data analysis showed significant relationship between social problem solving ability and Social Phobia and depression (P<0.001). There was a significant difference among the students with low, medium and high social problem- solving ability. The students who had high ability in solving social problems had less depression and social phobia (P<0.001). Conclusion: Social problem solving ability can decrease the depression and social phobia among university students. Teaching this skill will lead to promoting the level of mental health of university students.

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Background and purpose: Early maladaptive schemas develop in childhood and result in high vulnerability to mental disorder. The aim of this study was investigating the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and depression in guidance school students in Falavarjan. Materials and methods: In a relational design study, 250 male students from guidance school in Falavarjan were selected using cluster sampling. To collect the data Schema Inventory for Children (2010) and Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS_R, Birleson, 1981) were used. Results: The results of Pearson correlation showed significant correlations between some maladaptive schemas such as loneliness, vulnerability, mistrust, defectiveness, failure, unrelated standards, entitlement and depression among 11-13 year-old boys. Furthermore, stepwise regression showed five schemas including loneliness, defectiveness, mistrust/abuse, vulnerability and unrelated standards could predict 38.4% depression on the studied population (p<0/05). Conclusion: This study found that early maladaptive schemas can predict significant rate of depression among adolescents. These findings confirmed cognitive theories of depression. Thus, it is necessary to consider maladaptive schemas in treatment plans for adolescent’s depression.

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Background and purpose: Diabetes-associated depression may occur due to changes in the quality of life imposed by treatment, or may be a consequence of biochemical changes accompanying the disease. There are some reports indicating that treatment with methanolic extract of dried rhizomes of ginger could lead to a significant reduction in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced elevation of glucose level. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behaviors of diabetic mice through an animal model of depression -the forced swim test (FST)-, and to determine the efficiency of ginger extract as an antidepressant. Materials and methods: Balb/C male mice (25-30 g) were submitted to the forced-swimming test after seven days induction of diabetes with streptozotocin (100 mg/kg, i.p.). The test was analyzed using an ethological approach and we investigated the changes of blood glucose levels of diabetic mice during the test. Methanolic ginger extract (175, 350 and 700 mg/kg) was administered i.p. 45 min before the test. Results: Diabetic mice were significantly more immobile during the forced-swimming test. Ginger extract at doses of 175 and 350 mg/kg did not change blood glucose values and decreased immobility of diabetic mice with no change in behavior when compared with nondiabetic mice. Both blood glucose levels and immobility time were significantly lower in the diabetic mice that received the dose of 700 mg/kg ginger extract. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that diabetic mice present more intense depressive-like behavior, when exposed to the forced-swimming test. Ginger extract resulted in antidepressant-like effect in these animals. Increased blood glucose level is involved in depression associated with diabetes, because ginger extract counteracts these changes with modifying blood glucose.

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Background and purpose: Post stroke depression is one of the common emotional disorders affecting stroke survivors. Stroke is one of neurological diseases and is a public health problem. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of possible risk factors in prevalence of post stroke depression. Material and Methods: This descriptive study was performed using relevant sampling method on 116 inpatient ischemic stroke admitted in neurology department of Boali Sina hospital in Sari. The diagnosis of brain ischemic stroke was made based on the clinical findings of a neurologist and confirmed by Brain.C.T.S and M.R.I. Frequency of depression was determined using DSM IV criteria and HADS inquiry. The risk factors were recorded after being confirmed by a physician based on paraclinical testes along with demographic information. Data was analyzed applying Chi Square and logistic regression in SPSS V.16. Results: Finding revealed that 47.4% of the patients suffered post stroke depression. Frequency of depression was significantly higher in women (29.3%) compared to that in men which was (18.1%). There was no significant relation between depression and age and educational level. But we found a significant correlation between post stroke depression and gender, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Conclusion: This study showed a high incidence of depression after stroke which is found to be more prominent among women. There is a significant correlation between depression and sex, diabetes, and hypertension. Early diagnosis and proper interventions can help in decreasing the rate of post stroke depression especially in women, hence, the quality of life and expectancy of life will increase in these patients.

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Background and purpose: Depressive disorder is a serious, potentially recurrent and very common in clinical practice with estimated lifetime prevalence of 21% among the general population and approximately 11.3 of adults afflicted during a year. Saffron is a traditional spice which is used as a food additive. Recent studies indicate several therapeutic effects for saffron in psychiatric disorders, especially depression. Material and methods: We compared the efficacy of fluoxetine plus 40 mg hydro- alcoholic extract of crocus sativus and fluoxetine plus 80 mg hydro-alcoholic extract of crocus sativus, in a six-week double- blind, randomized clinical trial in the treatment of mild to moderate depressive disorders. Sixty adult patients were chosen who met the diagnostic and statistical criteria for mental disorders. Data was collected using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), and structured clinical interviews. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either fluoxetine 30 mg/ day (20 mg morning, 1o mg noon) and capsules of Saffron 40 mg/day (BD) (group 1) or fluoxetine 30 mg/day and Saffron 8o mg/day (group 2). Results: Saffron was found effective in both groups, however, significant differences were found in the group receiving 80 mg saffron capsules (P< 0.05). The two groups did not show any significant difference in having side effects. Conclusion: This study showed the efficacy of 80 mg saffron daily without the raise of side events in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. However, more large-scaled controlled clinical trials are recommended to confirm these results.

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Background and purpose: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system which is accompanied by cognitive dysfunction. The aim of this study is to compare the sustained attention and reaction time in patients with MS and healthy normal individuals considering their level of depression, anxiety, and stress. Material and methods: This causal-comparative study recruited 108 participants. The patients were 54 with relapsing-remitting and 54 healthy people were included in control group. To collect the data DASS-2 questionnaire was used and computerized continuous performance test was administered. Results: Results showed significant difference in sustained attention and reaction time between the two groups. We also observed significant differences in cognitive function considering the levels of depression, anxiety and stress. Conclusion: MS could result in impairment in sustained attention and reaction time. Also, depression, anxiety, and stress intensify these cognitive impairments.

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Abstract Background and purpose: Patients with chronic renal failure suffer from progressive and irreversible destruction of renal function. Dialysis is the main treatment and eventually a kidney transplant may help the patients. However, the dialysis process is stressful and may cause depression in dialysis patients. Delay in diagnosis and treatment could result in nutrition disorder, low immune function, Nonadherence to dietary protocols, increased disease severity, and consequently committing suicide. This study aimed at identifying and assessing the level of depression in dialysis patients in Iran over a period of one decade. Materials and methods: A meta-analysis was performed for relevant articles in Persian and English Scientific databases including SID, ScienceDirect and PubMed. Reference lists of identified articles were reviewed for additional articles. Heterogeneity of study was checked using I2 index. Data were analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-analysis (CMA) software. Results: The overall prevalence of depression in dialysis patients in Iran was 63% (95% Cl 56%-70%) during 2003-2013. The highest prevalence of depression was recorded in Sanandaj in 2010, 93% (95% Cl: 83%-97%) and the lowest prevalence of depression was found in Tehran in 2009, 28% (95% Cl: 19%-49%). Conclusion: The prevalence of depression in dialysis patients in Iran was found to be higher than that of the developed countries. Therefore, screening for early detection of depression in dialysis patients, along with other diagnostic and therapeutic measures is of great benefit in reducing the consequences of depression.

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Background and purpose: Mindfulness has an important role in variables associated with depression. This study aimed at investigating the efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on cognitive emotional regulation strategies in women with major depression (MDD). Materials and methods: A Quasi-experimental study with Pre-test/Post-test and follow-up design was performed in 2013. Thirty MDD patients were selected and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, while the control group did not receive any psychological treatment. Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (Garnefski, 2007) was used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis and repeated measure. Results: After treatment, scores of patients who received MBSR showed decrease in maladaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation strategies (self-blaming, rumination, catastrophizing and other-blames) and in some adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (positive reappraisal) an increase was observed. Also, the changes in three-month follow up were persistent. Conclusion: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction could be used as an appropriate choice for treatment via direct targeting of mechanisms of change in cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and help in relapse prevention of major depression disorder.

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Background and purpose: This research aimed at studying the efficacy of cognitive-existential group therapy on levels of depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Materials and methods: This study was performed using semi-experimental and the extended pretest-posttest design. The study population included all patients with MS who were members of the Mazandaran MS Society, in 2013. The subjects were 20 females selected through accessible sampling, and they were randomly allocated into two groups (intervention and control, n=10 per group). All participants completed the Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DAS) measurement test in both pre-test and post-test stages. For the intervention group cognitive-existential group therapy was performed in 8 sessions, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Descriptive statistics and covariance analysis were applied to analyze the data. Results: The covariance analysis showed that the cognitive-existential group therapy led to a significant decrease in levels of depression (P <0.0001) and stress (P <0.0001) in the intervention group. Also, the cognitive-existential group therapy had a positive effect in lowering the anxiety level in this group, but this effect was not significant. Conclusion: According to this research, the cognitive-existential approach is an effective way that could be of great benefit in solving the emotional problems of patients with MS.

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Background and purpose: Major depressive disorder is a common, but serious, psychiatric dysfunction that affects 21% of the population worldwide. A first-line treatment for this disorder is pharmacotherapy that affects some clinical symptoms of the disorder, such as low mood, sleep and appetite disturbances, feelings of hopelessness and deficit in memory. Due to inconsistent findings about the efficacy of antidepressants on memory (explicit and implicit), this study aimed at comparing implicit and explicit memory in patients recovered from depression through medication and normal participants. Materials and methods: In an ex post facto study, 20 depressive symptom-free patients were selected using convenience sampling. Also, 20 normal individuals were matched for age and sex who were selected based on clinical interviews. To assess implicit and explicit memory performance, free recall test and complement root word were used, respectively. Results: The results revealed no significant differences between the two groups for explicit and implicit memory scores (P>0.05). Conclusion: The present study showed that people on antidepressants who showed improvements in mood, also had normal implicit and explicit memory performance. These findings demonstrate the effect of drugs on cognitive aspects of depression, which of course should be administered with caution.