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Background and purpose: Nowadays, the accumulation of toxins in food, water, land and air, is one of the most important arguments regarding human health and environment. The important feature is the chronic toxicity of pesticides they can accumulate in the body. The accumulation of toxins in the body occurs directly through exposure due to contact or indirectly through food, inhalation or absorption through the skin. The aim of this research was to evaluate the amount of residue “Diazinon” in orange products of citrus gardens in Sari. Material & methods: The extraction of this toxin was done using the organic solvent “n- hexane” from the samples of orange from the different regions in Sari. In this study, the evaluation the Diazinon amount was taken cared of by using gas chromatography which was equipped with mass spectrometry detector (MS). In this research, the sensitivity is set to ppb to determine the amount of toxin. All the results were statistically analyzed using one way-ANOVA and student t-test. Then Tukey-posttest was applied to compare the pesticides residue levels found in the samples (P< 0.05). Results: All results obtained from the different areas were in the normal range. Normal range for Diazinon residues in citrus fruits, according to the WHO is 0.7 Ppm. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, Diazinon was found in all samples. All values are normalized based on global standards.

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Background and purpose: Labor and specially giving birth is one of the most beautiful moments in the life of any woman. This big event is usually associated with anxiety and stress. The purpose of this study was to compare the inhalation of geranium and orange oil on anxiety during delivery. Materials and methods: In a clinical trial, participants were divided into two groups (n=50 per group) to receive either orange essential oil or geranium oil. Assessment of anxiety was the primary outcome which was done in both groups before and after the intervention. Data was analyzed using Chi square, paired t- test and Wilcoxon test. Results: Anxiety levels were found with significant reduction in the group inhaling geranium compared to the group that inhaled orange oil (-4.02 vs -3.08). Conclusion: This study showed that geranium scent is more effective in reducing anxiety and sedation.

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Background and purpose: Intestinal bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics; but there are some reports on the effects of medicinal plants in digestive disorders. Today, medicinal herbs are more suggested due to increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, people are more relying on the medicinal herbs. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of orange peel extract.

Materials and methods: After collecting orange peel samples, the methanol extract was provided using maceration method and the effect of this extract against the standard strains of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica) was assessed using microdilution (well plates) in brain-heart infusion medium.

Results: In this study, all the standard strains of bacteria in wells were sensitive to the extract. Meanwhile, different minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were observed in various genera. The first group (Bacillus cereus) was the most sensitive due to receiving MIC=3.12 μl/ml of the extract. In the second group, Staphylococcus and Salmonella were expressed as they were administered administered MIC 6.25 μl/ml of the extract. The third group (Klebsiella and Pseudomonas) was listed as the most resistant group, which received MIC=12.5 μl/ml of the extract.

Conclusion: Research on the use of natural products, which are used in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal disorders, can be valuable in terms of antibacterial activity and adjustment of microbial flora. In this study, it was demonstrated that orange peel can inhibit the growth of many bacteria in-vitro.

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Background and purpose: Today, ensuring food security for the inhabitants of the earth, and preserving agricultural production from destruction due to drought, pests, and diseases, seems more necessary than ever. Farmers across the world are forced to use various pesticides to combat factors that reduce production, but these toxins not only remain on the surface of the products but also penetrate the tissues of fruits, vegetables, and even grains. Although washing fruits or peeling them can be effective in reducing surface contamination of pesticides, removing their toxic effects from the internal tissues of fruits is almost impossible. In such a way most agricultural products that have been exposed to pesticides and are presented to the market shortly after spraying contain pesticide residues. Although the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in modern agriculture significantly increases agricultural products, it should be noted that excessive use of pesticides in agricultural production leads to higher levels of pesticide residues in agricultural products exceeding the Maximum Residue Limit, which is considered a risk factor for human health and environmental pollution. The negative effects of chemical toxins on health include various types of cancers, neurological diseases, diabetes, respiratory diseases, failures, fetal diseases, genetic problems, and harmful effects on the environment such as pest resistance, their dominance, and the disappearance of beneficial insects. Considering that citrus fruits are considered a strategic product in Mazandaran province, this research was conducted to investigate the level of pesticide residues in citrus orchards in Sari County.
Materials and methods: The residues of pesticides in the citrus fruits produced in Sari county were investigated in areas monitored by the Agricultural Jihad Organization, the Agricultural Research Center, and Natural Resources of Mazandaran province, to control the type, method of pesticide use, and observing the withholding period. In this study, 15 oranges fruit samples were examined. Each sample was approximately 1 kilogram of each product, which was transferred to the food control laboratory of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences at a temperature of 4 degrees Celsius. The samples were prepared using the QuEChERS method. The consumption and residue levels of pesticides were identified using the GC-MS method. The Food and Drug Organization and the National Standard Organization of Iran (ISIRI) declared 200 types of pesticides as the most commonly used pesticides in citrus orchards, which were evaluated for their residues in this research.
Results: Totally, 3 types of pesticides including Chlorpyrifos, Ethion (Class II), and Pyriproxyfen (Class U) were identified, with Chlorpyrifos being the most commonly used. None of the identified pesticides belonged to Class Ia or Class Ib. Among the identified pesticides, the residue of Ethion exceeded the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) set by ISIRI.
Conclusion: Given the role of pesticides in food safety and environmental pollution, efforts to reduce the use of pest control poisons to minimize the risk to human health and the environment remain challenging and a valuable goal. Although monitoring of production by executive organizations has led to a significant reduction in pesticide consumption, in some cases, residues higher than the permissible limit are still observed. Also, it should be noted that pesticide residues can become environmental pollutants by entering the soil and water. Therefore, along with increasing farmers' awareness, the expansion, substitution, and implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) are still significant for environmental preservation and cost reduction.