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Background and purpose : Regarding the importance of diagnosis and proper time of treatment in patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) and vesicoureteral reflux as risk factors for scar, this study was performed to detect the probability of scars appearance in children.
Materials and methods : This study was performed on 42 children with urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux (detected by VCUG), referred to pediatric nephrology units (clinic and ward) of Amirkola children hospital and evaluation of scar was done by DMSA at least 4-6 month after the last UTI.
Results : Of 42 patients, 29 (69%) were female and 13 (31%) were male. Among 84 checked renal units, 64 had reflux and 20 had no reflux with 62.5% and 15% of the cases with scars. In males 21 units and in females 43 units had reflux. 2.8 of renal units with reflex grade I, 13.24 with grade II, 17.23 with grade III, both renal units with grade IV and 6.7 with grade V had scar (P=0.001).
Conclusion : The results of this study showed that males and age group of 1 month to 2 years have higher risk for VUR and scar. In spite no correlation was found between age of children and scar. However, prompt evaluation and proper time of treatment are very important.

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In this report we introduce an 8 years old boy with Transverse colon inflammatory pseudotumor. The patient was admitted to Boo-Ali Sina Hospital with abdominal pain, fever and vomiting. In clinical examinations an abdominal mass in splenic flexure was palpated. Imaging study with CT-Scan revealed a calcified mass in transverse colon wall with lymphadenopathy and lymphoma was suggested. Histological study showed inflammatory pseudotumor. After surgical excision the patient was recovered. The recurrence was not seen after one year follow up. This case showed that in differential diagnosis of pediatric colonic mass, inflammatory pseudotumor should be considered in order to prevent unneccesary and harmful chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

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Background and purpose: Chronic abdominal pain is a common clinical problem in children. Apleys reported the incidence of 10-15% of chronic abdominal pain in school age children, but recent studies reported 20% of that type of pain. The aim of this study was determining the spectrum of clinical manifestations of dyspeptic children and to identify the relation between some clinical symptoms, organic or functional dyspepsia, and long term follow up of functional type.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive case series study was done on 232 children between 4 and 18 years of age complaining about chronic abdominal pain chiefly who had referred to pediatric gastroenterology department of Boo-Ali Hospital of sari in 2005-2006. A checklist composed of patient demographic criteria and pain characteristics was prepared. Physical exam and laboratory tests such as AST, ALT, U/A, U/C, S/E, ESR, CBC were performed for all patients. If there were any alarming signs of organic abdominal pain-persistence or recurrence of symptoms and severe disability despite the use of H-blockers-upper GI endoscopies was indicated. Recorded data were analyzed by SPSS software and Chi- square tests.
Results: 102 of 232 patients had dyspepsia 59 were girls (9.2y/o), and 43 were boys (7.5y/o). 65 out of 102 patients had dominant abdominal pain and the rest had flatulence, vomiting and early fullness. 64 of them went under UGI endoscopies. 28 of 64 had mucosal erosion.
Conclusion: Because the functional or organic abdominal pain has not unique diagnostic criteria, and the data about pathological change in children are fewer than that of adults we recommend the clinical findings and biochemical change of mucosa for differential diagnosis in children.

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Background and purpose: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis in children. Studies indicated different relationships between eosinophilia and coronary artery disease (CAD). This study was done to assess the possible relationship between eosinophilia and coronary artery disease. Materials and methods: This descriptive study was carried out during 13 years on 61 children with Kawasaki disease who were admitted to Sina Referral Hospital. They were assessed regarding eosinophilia and coronary artery diseases. Data was evaluated by Fisher exact and t-test. Results: The research population included 61 patients of whom 33 (54%) were male and 28 (46%) were female with the mean age of 36.56 ± 23 months. Among the patients 85% were >5 years of age and eosinophilia was found in 28 cases (45.9%) and five patients (14.8%) were diagnosed with coronary artery disease. This disease was observed in 25% suffering from eosinophilia and in 6% of the cases without eosinophilia. However, there was no association among gender, eosinophilia and coronary artery disease. Also, no significant difference was found between age groups. Conclusion: Eosinophilia was not a risk factor or protective factor for CAD. However, the exact relationship could be determined if further multicentre studies are carried out.

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Abstract Background and purpose: To determine the effect of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin injection to treat internal anal sphincter achalasia. Materials and methods: Twenty patients (11 boys, average age 4.95± 2.47 years) with definite diagnosis of internal anal sphincter achalasia received 20 units of botulinum toxin injection in 4 points of the internal anal sphincter (totally 80 units). Then during 8 months of follow up visits, profile and response to treatment and bowel movements criteria of the patients were recorded in a questionnaire Results: All patients except one had treatment response. On 1-month follow-up, response to treatment was excellent in 35% of patients, and average in 60%. Response to treatment after 8 months follow-up was excellent in 50% and average in 40% and 10% was poor. The effect of botulinum toxin in 14 patients continued by the end of follow-up, and in 5 patients lasted between 7 to 20 weeks. The therapeutic response of these people, except one, remained moderate. Transient fecal incontinency was the only complication observed in 3 patients that was resolved after 1 to 3 weeks. Conclusion: Injection of botulinum toxin into the internal anal sphincter is an effective and safe method of treatment for achalasia, with long lasting results and few transient complications.

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Background and purpose: Pertussis is one of the communicable reasons of prolonged cough that children are being vaccinated in our country for prophylaxis. Despite high vaccine coverage the incidence of pertussis is still increasing. This study was done to investigate the prevalence of pertussis in children and its clinical manifestations before and after the beginning of vaccination age. Materials and methods: This descriptive-analytic study was performed in children with coughs for more than two weeks whom found with no reason for prolonged cough and were diagnosed with pertussis. The clinical records of the patients were assessed and the result of culture was studied. The data was then analyzed using chi square test in SPSS ver.17. Results: A total of 156 patients including 67 (42.9%) male and 89 (57.1%) female with the mean age of 15.8±1.9 enrolled in this study who had history of more than two weeks cough. Among the cases 137 (87.8%) patients had paroxysmal cough with an average of 6.9 days. Seven cases (7.8%) had positive cultures for pertussis of whom four aged under two months of old and three were older than two months of old. There was no significant difference in clinical manifestations of the two groups (less and more than two months). Conclusion: It is suggested to vaccinate mothers for immunization of children before the beginning of vaccination age. Also, to achieve a better immunization for children at the age of vaccination, using high potent acellular vaccines with fewer side effects are of great benefit.

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Background and purpose: Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrinologic disease in children and adolescents. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is frequently associated with autoimmune thyroid disease. It is believed that the prevalence of thyroid disease in T1DM patients is higher than normal population. Various studies reported the incidence of hypothyroidism as 2-32% in T1DM. This study investigated the frequency of hypothyroidism in children with T1DM. Material & methods: In this retrospective study 85 patients with T1DM attending the Endocrine Clinic, 17-Shahrivar Hospital affiliated to Guilan University were recruited. The study was done in 2008-2011. Thyroid function tests including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) were performed. The data including the patients’ age, sex, results of TSH and T4 tests, and duration of disease were obtained. Results: The patients were 40 male (47.1%) and 45 female (52.9%) with the mean age of 9.24±3.57. They were aged 1-15 years old and the mean duration of disease was 18.75±27.36 months. Among the patients seven cases (8.2%) were hypothyroidism (subclinical hypothyroidism). There was no significant association between age, sex, duration of diabetes and hypothyroidism in T1DM patients. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated a high frequency (8.2%) of hypothyroidism in T1DM patients. We suggest regular and annual thyroid function testing in T1DM patients.

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Background and purpose: Cerebral palsy is a common disorder in children leading to their dysfunction in many aspects. Therefore, to provide appropriate treatment plan that could improve the function of these children, a valid assessment tool is needed. Pediatric Evaluation Disability Inventory (PEDI) is designed to evaluate the performance of children with disabilities in three dimensions: self-care, mobility, and social function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the Persian version of PEDI in children with cerebral palsy aged 3 to 9 years old.

Materials and methods: In this study, 75 participants were selected by convenience sampling. Information was collected using demographic questionnaire and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). The parents were interviewed and PEDI was completed. After two weeks, in order to evaluate the reliability of the test-retest, 22 parents were re-interviewed. Internal consistency was examined by Cronbach's alpha, and the reliability of the test-retest was assessed by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results: In examining the internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha was found to be high (0.94-0.98).The results of test-retest reliability of the functional skills and caregiver assistance scale were excellent (0.96-0.97). Also, the results of test-retest reliability in modification scale were excellent in self-care and social performance (0.99 and 1, respectively) and good in mobility dimension (0.66).

Conclusion: This study proved the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the Persian version of PEDI in evaluating the performance of Persian-speaking children with cerebral palsy. Therefore, PEDI could be applied in research and clinical settings for evaluation of children with cerebral palsy in Iran.

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Background and purpose: Stress ulcer or stress related mucosal disease (SRMD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units. No drug prophylaxis for SRMD increase the rate of morbidity and mortality. Unnecessary use of drugs results in adverse drug reactions and impose additional costs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the medications used for stress ulcer prophylaxis in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in Sari Bu-Ali Sina Hospital.

Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was done in PICU patients who received stress ulcer prophylaxis during 2014. Data and physiologic parameters related to stress ulcer prophylactic drugs, the dosage, dosing interval, and duration of medications were recorded. SPSS16 was used for data analyses.

Results: Stress ulcer prophylactic drugs were used in 40 patients of all 78 cases and ranitidine was the most commonly used drug (85%). The most frequent indication to prescribe these drugs were sepsis (20%), NPO (nothing per oral) with seizure (20%), NPO (15%), intubation (12.5%), and coagulopathy (7.5%). According to the guidelines, stress ulcer prophylactic drugs were correctly prescribed only in 42.5% of the patients.

Conclusion: In this study, most of the cases received stress ulcer prophylactic drugs with no true indication. Therefore, more practical notice is needed to act according the guidelines for reducing the unnecessary administration of medication.

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Non-syndromic bilateral humeroradial synostosis is a very rare congenital anomalies of the upper limbs. This condition often occurs in conjunction with various syndromes and is associated with a positive family history. Herein, we report a 6 year old boy with non-syndromic bilateral humeroradial synostosis, without aplasia, hypoplasia or family history. Both elbows were constant at 90 degrees flexion and the patient was not able to perform supination and pronation. Internal rotation, external rotation, and abduction movements of shoulder were normal. Except bilateral humero radial synostosis, findings of physical examinations, lab tests, and imaging were normal. Parents rejected surgical treatment.
 

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Background and purpose: Delirium is an acute mental disorder that has been less considered in children. The Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAPD) is designed to detect delirium in children by non-specialist personnel. The purpose of this study was to translate and evaluate the validity and reliability of this scale in Persian language.
Materials and methods: In this study, after translation and back-translation, corrections were performed. Then, face validity was assessed by 10 clinical nurses using qualitative method. After the final correction, the scale was tested by three nurses in 72 patients in pediatric intensive care unit, Sari, Iran. Kendall index and Kappa correlation coefficient were used to verify the reliability of the scale.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 3.88±2.11 years and 39 (54.2%) were males. The delirium score was 6.22±2.95. The mean delirium sore was 6.22±2.95. The most common cause of admission was respiratory problems and 18 (25%) cases had delirium. In Kendall coefficient reliability test, the total score was 0.046. There were no significant differences between the three evaluators in the scores for questions and the total score (P< 0.05). The Kappa correlation coefficient was more than 0.4 when the opinion of evaluaters were compared to one another.
Conclusion: In this study the prevalence of delirium was similar to that of other international studies. The Persian translation of CAPD showed good reliability. The CAPD could be easily administered to detect delirium.
 

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Background and purpose: Supracondylar fracture of the humerus is common in children and various surgical procedures are used to manage this condition. This study was conducted to compare the treatment results of open surgical approaches; external (lateral) and posterior access.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 200 children (younger than 10 years of age) with supracondylar fractures of the arm attending Babol Shahid Beheshti Hospital (2014-2018) who underwent open surgery using either lateral or posterior approach. Radiographic examination and some factors such as age, sex, cause of fracture, type of fracture, fracture side, and range of motion of elbow joint were compared between the two groups at week eight after the surgeries.
Results: Among the patients, 98 (48.8%) underwent surgery with lateral approach and 102 (51.2%) underwent posterior approach. There were no significant differences between the two groups in age, sex, fracture side, and the predominance of the involved arm (P<0.05). We observed no significant differences between the range of motion, bearing angle, flexion and extension of the injured side. Clinical and radiological variables in injured and healthy hands in the external approach showed that range of motion (152.45±3.27 vs. 143.61±4.50), carrying angle (11.98±1.72 vs. 11.44±2.75), and flexion (141.91±3.30 vs. 134.35±4.85) and extension (10.60±1.69 vs. 9±2.35) of the elbow were lower in the injured hand (P<0.001). In comparing the clinical and radiological variables between the injured and healthy hand in the posterior approach, it was found that the range of motion (152.78±3.64 vs. 144.39±4.39), carrying angle (12.4±1.47 vs. 11.62±1.83), and flexion (142.54±3.33 vs. 135.41±4.36) and extension (10.14±1.81 vs.  8.89±2.07) of the elbow were lower in the injured hand (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The study showed no significant differences between external and posterior approaches in treatment of supracondylar fractures of the arm.

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Background and purpose: Identifying the predictors of seizure recurrence is of great help in controlling the disease and preventing recurrence in patients. This study aimed to determine the risk factors for recurrence of seizures in children younger than 14 years of age.
Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional analysis, we reviewed the medical records of patients admitted to pediatric neurology clinic in Tehran Imam Hussein Hospital between June 2016 and November 2017. Information including patients’ demographic and clinical data, and seizure recurrence and times were extracted. Data were analyzed in SPSS V23.
Results: The participants were 210 patients (mean age: 62.40±46.79 months), including 53% males. Recurrence of seizures was observed in 81 patients. In 45 patients with recurrent seizures and 101 patients without recurrent seizure, the type of seizure was tonic-clonic. Abnormal developments were seen in 45.7% of patients with recurrent seizures and 15.5% of patients without recurrent seizures. Gestational age and abnormality in first electroencephalogram (EEG) were identified as predictors of seizure recurrence.
Conclusion: Preventive treatments are highly recommended in patients with low gestational age and disordered EEG to prevent subsequent seizures and their complications

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Background and purpose: Invasive candidiasis in infants has high mortality rate and is often associated with colonization on medical devices such as catheters. Candida colonization is considered as a predisposing factor for Candida related infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of catheters infectivity by Candida species.
Materials and methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, sampling was done from catheters of hospitalized children (0-18 years old) in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in Mashhad Dr. Sheikh Hospital, June-November 2018. All catheters were evaluated to determine the extent of contamination and early identification of isolates was done by morphological and molecular methods.
Results: The types of catheter infectivity for 114 samples included colonization or infective (n=25 isolates, 21.92%), contamination (n=4, 3.5%), and no growth (n=85 isolates, 56.74%). The most isolated species was C. albicans (n=18, 13.39%), followed by C. glabrata (n=9, 19.56%), C. krusei and C. parapsilosis (n=7, 15.21%, each isolate), C. tropicalis (n=3, 6.25%), and C. lusitaniae and C. kefyr (n=1, 2.17% each isolate).
Conclusion: Isolation of Candida species in 25% of catheters raised the possibility of colonization, considering the catheters as an exogenous potential source of candidiasis which is very important in PICU.

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Background and purpose: Attending in a dental office is usually not easy for children who need dental services. Moreover, the level of children cooperation has a significant impact on choosing the appropriate treatment method. The goal of this study was to examine the association between the parenting style as well as the level of fear and cooperation among children aged 4-12 who were referred to Sari Dental School.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study involved 150 children referred to Sari Dental School in 2023. The Baumrind questionnaire, children’s fear table, and Frankel index were used to measure the parenting style, children’s fear, and level of cooperation, respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient test and independent t-test were used in the analytical statistics of this study to investigate the relationship between dependent and independent variables.
Results: Among the 150 participants, 70 (46.7%) were girls and 80 (53.3%) were boys. There was a significant relationship between authoritarian and permissive parenting styles and the level of fear and cooperation in the children. This association was positive for fear and negative for cooperation. Authoritative parenting style had a significant positive correlation with cooperation, unlike fear. A significant relation was observed between gender and fear, but no association was observed between gender and cooperation.
Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, parenting style is related to children's level of fear and cooperation in dental visits, and parents have a remarkable influence on their child's behavior.
 

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Background and purpose: Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the most common complications of diabetes which causes disability and mortality. Nearly half of patients with diabetes develop DN. A few studies have been conducted to evaluate the prevalence of DN in children. More than 90% of diabetic children have type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The most accurate way to diagnose neuropathy is NCV. Accordingly, the present study investigates the prevalence of DN in children with T1DM by clinical symptoms, neurological examinations, and NCV.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between 2021 and 2023 after approval. Patients (younger than 18 years old) with T1DM, diagnosed for at least 5 years, and not suffering from other diseases such as hypothyroidism and neuromuscular diseases were included. Children who were not willing to undergo NCV were excluded from the study. Demographic data of patients (age, gender, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and duration of diabetes) were collected. Neurological symptoms were evaluated using the neuropathy symptom score (NSS). Patients were asked about tingling, burning, numbness, fatigue, cramping, and pain in the lower extremities. The clinical history of the patients, including HbA1c levels, blood pressure, retinopathy, lipodystrophy, nephropathy, history of diabetic ketoacidosis, and daily insulin dosage, was evaluated. The Achilles reflex was evaluated using the case reflex hammer and peripheral nerve function through 10g monofilament in patients. Patients who met the inclusion criteria of the study underwent NCV. NCV was performed by a specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation. In NCV, peroneal, tibial, and sural sensory and motor nerves were performed in both lower limbs, and median and ulnar sensory and motor nerves in both upper limbs.
Results: In the present study, 32 patients with T1DM met the study criteria. The mean age was (14.16±2.55 years), height (154.28±8.96 cm), weight (44.88±12.32 kg), and BMI (18.55±3.787) of the patients. The mean duration of diabetes in the studied patients was 7.1±2.428 years. The mean HbA1c was 9.54%±1.941. The mean NSS was 2.94±2.862. The NSS results showed that 18.75% (score: 3 or 4), 31.25% (score: 5 or 6), and 6.25% of patients had mild, moderate, and severe symptoms (score: 7 to 9), respectively. The blood pressure of the examined patients was in the normal range. The most common complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus in patients were lipodystrophy (21.87%), nephropathy (12.5%), and retinopathy (3.12%). The results of Achilles reflex evaluation revealed no disorder in any of the patients. Only one (3.12%) of the studied patients was diagnosed with peripheral nerve disorder in the evaluation by monofilament. However, the NCV results of this patient showed that the patient did not have peripheral neuropathy.
Conclusion: We found that the prevalence of DN in children and adolescents with T1DM is very low. Our results, similar to those of other studies, showed that a mere clinical evaluation and having DN symptoms are not sensitive enough to diagnose DN. Further investigation through a standard test (NCV) is needed in this regard. Based on the results of the present study, NCV is not recommended for T1DM patients under 18 years of age, whose 10g monofilament results were also negative. A limited number of patients were evaluated in the present study and it is necessary to conduct studies with a larger population.
Background and purpose: Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the most common complications of diabetes which causes disability and mortality. Nearly half of patients with diabetes develop DN. A few studies have been conducted to evaluate the prevalence of DN in children. More than 90% of diabetic children have type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The most accurate way to diagnose neuropathy is NCV. Accordingly, the present study investigates the prevalence of DN in children with T1DM by clinical symptoms, neurological examinations, and NCV.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between 2021 and 2023 after approval. Patients (younger than 18 years old) with T1DM, diagnosed for at least 5 years, and not suffering from other diseases such as hypothyroidism and neuromuscular diseases were included. Children who were not willing to undergo NCV were excluded from the study. Demographic data of patients (age, gender, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and duration of diabetes) were collected. Neurological symptoms were evaluated using the neuropathy symptom score (NSS). Patients were asked about tingling, burning, numbness, fatigue, cramping, and pain in the lower extremities. The clinical history of the patients, including HbA1c levels, blood pressure, retinopathy, lipodystrophy, nephropathy, history of diabetic ketoacidosis, and daily insulin dosage, was evaluated. The Achilles reflex was evaluated using the case reflex hammer and peripheral nerve function through 10g monofilament in patients. Patients who met the inclusion criteria of the study underwent NCV. NCV was performed by a specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation. In NCV, peroneal, tibial, and sural sensory and motor nerves were performed in both lower limbs, and median and ulnar sensory and motor nerves in both upper limbs.
Results: In the present study, 32 patients with T1DM met the study criteria. The mean age was (14.16±2.55 years), height (154.28±8.96 cm), weight (44.88±12.32 kg), and BMI (18.55±3.787) of the patients. The mean duration of diabetes in the studied patients was 7.1±2.428 years. The mean HbA1c was 9.54%±1.941. The mean NSS was 2.94±2.862. The NSS results showed that 18.75% (score: 3 or 4), 31.25% (score: 5 or 6), and 6.25% of patients had mild, moderate, and severe symptoms (score: 7 to 9), respectively. The blood pressure of the examined patients was in the normal range. The most common complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus in patients were lipodystrophy (21.87%), nephropathy (12.5%), and retinopathy (3.12%). The results of Achilles reflex evaluation revealed no disorder in any of the patients. Only one (3.12%) of the studied patients was diagnosed with peripheral nerve disorder in the evaluation by monofilament. However, the NCV results of this patient showed that the patient did not have peripheral neuropathy.
Conclusion: We found that the prevalence of DN in children and adolescents with T1DM is very low. Our results, similar to those of other studies, showed that a mere clinical evaluation and having DN symptoms are not sensitive enough to diagnose DN. Further investigation through a standard test (NCV) is needed in this regard. Based on the results of the present study, NCV is not recommended for T1DM patients under 18 years of age, whose 10g monofilament results were also negative. A limited number of patients were evaluated in the present study and it is necessary to conduct studies with a larger population.
 

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Background and purpose: Knowledge of the timing and correct sequence of primary tooth eruption is essential for dentists and pediatric dental specialists in developing appropriate treatment plans, determining optimal follow-up intervals, and scheduling periodic examinations. This ensures proper care and preservation of these teeth until their natural exfoliation. Therefore, the present study aims to compare the eruption age of primary teeth in children from Bojnurd, Iran, with global reference standards.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included 400 children aged 4 to 36 months, selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. The eruption age of primary teeth was assessed through clinical examination and recorded using a standardized checklist. Following the dental examination, additional information was collected, including birth height and weight, type of feeding (breast milk or formula), and maternal age during pregnancy. All collected data were entered into SPSS software (version 24) and subjected to statistical analysis.
Results: In the present study, which aimed to investigate the factors influencing tooth eruption and to compare the average eruption age of primary teeth with global reference standards, no significant differences were observed in relation to birth height (P=0.45), maternal age during pregnancy (P= 0.54), or type of nutrition (breast milk vs. formula) (P = 0.35) between boys and girls. However, a statistically significant difference was found in birth weight, with boys having a higher average birth weight than girls (P= 0.001). The eruption age of the maxillary central incisors (P> 0.001), lateral incisors (P > 0.001), canines (P= 0.028), and first molars (P> 0.001), as well as the mandibular central incisors (P > 0.001), lateral incisors (P > 0.001), first molars (P > 0.001), and second molars (P = 0.003), was found to be significantly later than the global reference values. Additionally, type of nutrition showed a statistically significant effect only on the eruption timing of the central incisors in both the maxilla and mandible.
Conclusion: In the present study, it was found that, overall, the eruption age of primary teeth in children from Bojnurd was significantly later than the global reference standards.