Background and purpose: Pancytopenia, is a great group of hematological diseases. Determining the etiology and pathology of the disease is of paramount importance for timely and proper treatment. This study aimed at investigating the clinical and hematological findings in patients with pancytopenia.

Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in which relevant information was extracted from 126 records of patients with pancytopenia in Ramsar Imam Sajjad Hospital and Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital in Mazandaran province, Iran (2009-2014). Data was analyzed in SPSS V. 21.

Results: The patients were 56 females and 70 males. The study population included 60 patients in the center and 66 in the west of Mazandaran province. Preliminary clinical findings showed lymphadenopathy in 42 patients (33.3%), splenomegaly in 34 (26.9%), and hepatomegaly in 15 patients (11.9%) and there were 35 cases (27.7%) with no clinical findings. The causes of pancytopenia according to biopsy and aspiration results were megaloblastic anemia in 34 patients (27%), HL in 29 (23%), aplastic anemia in 15 (11.9%), NHL in 14 (11.1%), MDS in 13 (10.3%), normal biopsy in 10 (7.9%), Erythroid hyperplasia in 9 (7.1 %), and Hairy cell leukemia in 2 patients (1.6%).

Conclusion: The most common causes of pancytopenia in this study were lymphoma and megaloblastic anemia. Therefore, complete examination of patients with blood abnormalities is required for early treatment and reducing the mortality and morbidity rates.