New Methods in Cardiac Regenerative Medicine: The Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Exosomes, and 
Cardiac Patch Technology

Dayani, Abdolreza; Ghiasi, Mohsen

Volume 34, Issue 236 (8-2024) J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2024, 34(236): 158-176 | Back to browse issues page

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Dayani A, Ghiasi M. New Methods in Cardiac Regenerative Medicine: The Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Exosomes, and Cardiac Patch Technology. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2024; 34 (236) :158-176
URL: http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-20828-en.html

New Methods in Cardiac Regenerative Medicine: The Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Exosomes, and Cardiac Patch Technology

Abdolreza Dayani

, Mohsen Ghiasi

Abstract: (943 Views)

Despite significant advances in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiac diseases, this condition is still considered one of the major challenges facing the global healthcare system. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. It is predicted that in the future, due to population aging, urbanization, and lifestyle changes, the mortality rate from cardiac diseases will increase. Current pharmacological approaches only extend the lifespan of patients without providing cardiac tissue repair. In the advanced stages of these diseases, apart from heart transplantation, there is no curative treatment available. However, due to limited suitable donors and post-operative risks and complications such as graft rejection, primary graft failure, and common infections after heart transplant, transplantation is not always feasible. Stem cells have created a wide range of hope in the world since their discovery. With increased research on stem cells and cell therapy in recent decades, researchers have found that utilizing this innovative therapeutic approach can increase lifespan and improve patient outcomes. Various countries have invested millions of dollars in the application of stem cells for treating various diseases in recent years. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have great differentiation potential, but their medical application faces severe ethical and religious constraints. The identification of potent induced pluripotent stem cells has revolutionized regenerative medicine. These cells possess all the capabilities of embryonic stem cells and can easily differentiate into cardiac myocytes. Furthermore, the paracrine effects of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from these cells in regenerative medicine have garnered significant attention. Among extracellular secretory vesicles, researchers have focused more on exosomes. Exosomes are vesicles ranging from 30 to 100 nanometers that have a plasma membrane-like topology and can enter target cells and deliver their cargo. Cardiac patches are a novel achievement resulting from the integration of tissue engineering and cell sciences and are used to improve cardiac injuries. Cardiac patches consist of a natural or synthetic scaffold designed to support and restore myocardial tissue following injury, and they are implanted into the heart tissue. The primary approach to using cardiac patches is to provide physical support to damaged heart tissue. Nowadays, the combination of cardiomyocytes derived from potent induced pluripotent stem cells along with biocompatible materials and growth factors has created specialized cardiac patches capable of precise delivery of many cells and minimizing cellular damages in vivo conditions. This review article aims to explore the latest advances in cardiac regenerative medicine through the use of cardiac patches, induced pluripotent stem cells, and exosomes derived from them; as well as to assess the challenges ahead in cardiac regenerative medicine using the mentioned items to alleviate and improve tissue damage to the heart, and ultimately provide an overview of new perspectives for future research in cardiac regenerative medicine.

Keywords: induced pluripotent stem cells, cardiac patches, exosomes, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine

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Type of Study: Review | Subject: Cardiovascular

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